Molecular Formulas and Rules
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Questions and Answers

What is the importance of biochemistry, as mentioned in the text?

  • Understanding the nature of antimicrobial chemicals
  • Understanding the structure of atoms
  • Understanding the mechanism of action of medical therapies (correct)
  • Understanding the growth of microbes

What impact do bacteria's chemical signals have, according to the text?

  • They have no impact on our cells
  • They only impact the growth of other microbes
  • They impact our cells and neighboring microbes (correct)
  • They only impact neighboring microbes

What is the main reason for our poor understanding of naturally occurring antimicrobial chemicals and plant active ingredients, according to the text?

  • Lack of resources for isolation and characterization (correct)
  • Lack of availability of these chemicals
  • Lack of importance in medical therapies
  • Lack of interest in studying them

What does biochemistry help us understand about cells?

<p>The intricacies of our own physiology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what do cells rely on chemistry for?

<p>Carrying out millions of chemical reactions every second (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of this chapter, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Reviewing atoms, molecules, and chemical reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element has 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons?

<p>Boron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many protons does an atom of Mercury contain?

<p>79 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is represented by the chemical symbol Au?

<p>Gold (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical symbol for the element with 17 protons and 18 electrons?

<p>Cl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element has 27 protons, 32 neutrons, and 27 electrons?

<p>Iron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many protons does an atom of Francium contain?

<p>&gt;90 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of Radium?

<p>&lt;90 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical symbol for the element with 40 protons and 50 neutrons?

<p>&gt;50 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons does the element Dubnium have?

<p>&lt;105 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of Thallium?

<p>&lt;85 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element has a chemical symbol starting with 'C' and an atomic mass greater than 100?

<p>Cadmium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of chemistry in living systems called?

<p>Biochemistry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which particles are found at the center of an atom?

<p>Protons and neutrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are isotopes defined?

<p>Atoms with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ions in their elemental state?

<p>Neutral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a positive ion called?

<p>Cation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are ions chemically noted?

<p>By a superscript that specifies the ion’s charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic mass mainly determined by?

<p>The mass of the protons and neutrons in the atom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to organize elements into the periodic table?

<p>Atomic number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

3.03

<p>Carbon-12 Isotope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an anion have?

<p>A negative charge as a result of losing electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are atoms in their elemental state?

<p>Neutral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many states does ordinary matter exist in?

<p>5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order for listing elements in a molecular formula when carbon is present?

<p>C, H, other elements by their chemical symbol in alphabetical order (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about molecular formulas is true?

<p>Molecular formulas reveal only the elements present in a molecule. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular formula for hydrochloric acid?

<p>HCl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures called?

<p>Isomers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is classified as an inorganic molecule?

<p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional group is found in all alcohols?

<p>$R-OH$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is important in building disulfide bonds in organic molecules?

<p>$R-SH$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an aqueous solution, which ions do acids contribute?

<p>$H^+$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do bases release in an aqueous solution?

<p>$OH^-$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is pH calculated based on the concentration of hydrogen ions?

<p>$pH = -log_{10}[H^+]$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range for optimal growth of most microbes?

<p>6.5–8.5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tightly regulated pH range of arterial blood?

<p>7.35–7.45 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound stabilizes blood pH by releasing H+ ions to lower pH?

<p>Carbonic acid (H2CO3) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from higher than normal blood pH?

<p>Alkalosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do buffers do to stabilize pH?

<p>Absorb or release H+ ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?

<p>Covalent bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are substances that produce ions when dissolved in water?

<p>Electrolytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding sets the stage for hydrogen bonding?

<p>Polar covalent bonding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction is based on the attraction forces between positive and negative atoms or molecules?

<p>Electrostatic interaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of electrons typically participate in chemical reactions?

<p>Valence electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of elements are usually inert due to their full valence shells?

<p>Noble gases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between a metal and a nonmetal?

<p>Ionic bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes the anion of a salt when acids and bases react with each other?

<p>The acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure of the concentration of a given solute in a liter of solvent?

<p>Molarity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure of concentration for blood glucose levels, usually presented as milligrams per deciliter?

<p>Weight-volume proportion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measure of concentration reflects the concentration of a given substance in a liter of blood?

<p>Millimoles per liter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of NaCl are present in 1 liter of 0.9 percent normal saline?

<p>9 grams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about H3O+ ions in a solution?

<p>They are formed by interaction with water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defines acids and bases in a more simplified manner?

<p>Arrhenius definition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the overall acidity or basicity of a solution?

<p>Balance of H+ and OH- ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pH value represents a chemically neutral solution?

<p>= 7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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