60 Questions
What is the importance of biochemistry, as mentioned in the text?
Understanding the mechanism of action of medical therapies
What impact do bacteria's chemical signals have, according to the text?
They impact our cells and neighboring microbes
What is the main reason for our poor understanding of naturally occurring antimicrobial chemicals and plant active ingredients, according to the text?
Lack of resources for isolation and characterization
What does biochemistry help us understand about cells?
The intricacies of our own physiology
According to the text, what do cells rely on chemistry for?
Carrying out millions of chemical reactions every second
What is the primary focus of this chapter, as mentioned in the text?
Reviewing atoms, molecules, and chemical reactions
Which element has 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons?
Boron
How many protons does an atom of Mercury contain?
79
Which element is represented by the chemical symbol Au?
Gold
What is the chemical symbol for the element with 17 protons and 18 electrons?
Cl
Which element has 27 protons, 32 neutrons, and 27 electrons?
Iron
How many protons does an atom of Francium contain?
>90
What is the atomic number of Radium?
<90
What is the chemical symbol for the element with 40 protons and 50 neutrons?
>50
How many electrons does the element Dubnium have?
<105
What is the atomic number of Thallium?
<85
Which element has a chemical symbol starting with 'C' and an atomic mass greater than 100?
Cadmium
What is the study of chemistry in living systems called?
Biochemistry
Which particles are found at the center of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
How are isotopes defined?
Atoms with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons
What are ions in their elemental state?
Neutral
What is a positive ion called?
Cation
How are ions chemically noted?
By a superscript that specifies the ion’s charge
What is the atomic mass mainly determined by?
The mass of the protons and neutrons in the atom
What is used to organize elements into the periodic table?
Atomic number
3.03
Carbon-12 Isotope
What does an anion have?
A negative charge as a result of losing electrons
What are atoms in their elemental state?
Neutral
How many states does ordinary matter exist in?
5
What is the correct order for listing elements in a molecular formula when carbon is present?
C, H, other elements by their chemical symbol in alphabetical order
Which of the following statements about molecular formulas is true?
Molecular formulas reveal only the elements present in a molecule.
What is the molecular formula for hydrochloric acid?
HCl
What are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures called?
Isomers
Which of the following molecules is classified as an inorganic molecule?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
What functional group is found in all alcohols?
$R-OH$
Which functional group is important in building disulfide bonds in organic molecules?
$R-SH$
In an aqueous solution, which ions do acids contribute?
$H^+$
What do bases release in an aqueous solution?
$OH^-$
How is pH calculated based on the concentration of hydrogen ions?
$pH = -log_{10}[H^+]$
What is the pH range for optimal growth of most microbes?
6.5–8.5
What is the tightly regulated pH range of arterial blood?
7.35–7.45
Which compound stabilizes blood pH by releasing H+ ions to lower pH?
Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Which condition results from higher than normal blood pH?
Alkalosis
What do buffers do to stabilize pH?
Absorb or release H+ ions
What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?
Covalent bond
What are substances that produce ions when dissolved in water?
Electrolytes
What type of bonding sets the stage for hydrogen bonding?
Polar covalent bonding
What type of interaction is based on the attraction forces between positive and negative atoms or molecules?
Electrostatic interaction
What type of electrons typically participate in chemical reactions?
Valence electrons
What type of elements are usually inert due to their full valence shells?
Noble gases
What type of bond is formed between a metal and a nonmetal?
Ionic bond
What contributes the anion of a salt when acids and bases react with each other?
The acid
What is the measure of the concentration of a given solute in a liter of solvent?
Molarity
What is the measure of concentration for blood glucose levels, usually presented as milligrams per deciliter?
Weight-volume proportion
Which measure of concentration reflects the concentration of a given substance in a liter of blood?
Millimoles per liter
How many grams of NaCl are present in 1 liter of 0.9 percent normal saline?
9 grams
What is true about H3O+ ions in a solution?
They are formed by interaction with water
Which defines acids and bases in a more simplified manner?
Arrhenius definition
What determines the overall acidity or basicity of a solution?
Balance of H+ and OH- ions
What pH value represents a chemically neutral solution?
= 7
Test your knowledge of molecular formulas and the rules for writing them. Understand the order in which elements should be listed and the use of chemical symbols for different elements in molecular formulas.
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