Molecular Formulas and Rules

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What is the importance of biochemistry, as mentioned in the text?

Understanding the nature of antimicrobial chemicals

Understanding the structure of atoms

Understanding the mechanism of action of medical therapies (correct)

Understanding the growth of microbes

What impact do bacteria's chemical signals have, according to the text?

They have no impact on our cells

They only impact the growth of other microbes

They impact our cells and neighboring microbes (correct)

They only impact neighboring microbes

What is the main reason for our poor understanding of naturally occurring antimicrobial chemicals and plant active ingredients, according to the text?

Lack of resources for isolation and characterization (correct)

Lack of availability of these chemicals

Lack of importance in medical therapies

Lack of interest in studying them

What does biochemistry help us understand about cells?

The intricacies of our own physiology Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what do cells rely on chemistry for?

Carrying out millions of chemical reactions every second Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of this chapter, as mentioned in the text?

Reviewing atoms, molecules, and chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which element has 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons?

Boron Signup and view all the answers

How many protons does an atom of Mercury contain?

79 Signup and view all the answers

Which element is represented by the chemical symbol Au?

Gold Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical symbol for the element with 17 protons and 18 electrons?

Cl Signup and view all the answers

Which element has 27 protons, 32 neutrons, and 27 electrons?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

How many protons does an atom of Francium contain?

>90 Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of Radium?

<90 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical symbol for the element with 40 protons and 50 neutrons?

>50 Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons does the element Dubnium have?

<105 Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of Thallium?

<85 Signup and view all the answers

Which element has a chemical symbol starting with 'C' and an atomic mass greater than 100?

Cadmium Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of chemistry in living systems called?

Biochemistry Signup and view all the answers

Which particles are found at the center of an atom?

Protons and neutrons Signup and view all the answers

How are isotopes defined?

Atoms with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons Signup and view all the answers

What are ions in their elemental state?

Neutral Signup and view all the answers

What is a positive ion called?

Cation Signup and view all the answers

How are ions chemically noted?

By a superscript that specifies the ion’s charge Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic mass mainly determined by?

The mass of the protons and neutrons in the atom Signup and view all the answers

What is used to organize elements into the periodic table?

Atomic number Signup and view all the answers

3.03

Carbon-12 Isotope Signup and view all the answers

What does an anion have?

A negative charge as a result of losing electrons Signup and view all the answers

What are atoms in their elemental state?

Neutral Signup and view all the answers

How many states does ordinary matter exist in?

5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order for listing elements in a molecular formula when carbon is present?

C, H, other elements by their chemical symbol in alphabetical order Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about molecular formulas is true?

Molecular formulas reveal only the elements present in a molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular formula for hydrochloric acid?

HCl Signup and view all the answers

What are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures called?

Isomers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is classified as an inorganic molecule?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Signup and view all the answers

What functional group is found in all alcohols?

$R-OH$ Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is important in building disulfide bonds in organic molecules?

$R-SH$ Signup and view all the answers

In an aqueous solution, which ions do acids contribute?

$H^+$ Signup and view all the answers

What do bases release in an aqueous solution?

$OH^-$ Signup and view all the answers

How is pH calculated based on the concentration of hydrogen ions?

$pH = -log_{10}[H^+]$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range for optimal growth of most microbes?

6.5–8.5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the tightly regulated pH range of arterial blood?

7.35–7.45 Signup and view all the answers

Which compound stabilizes blood pH by releasing H+ ions to lower pH?

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from higher than normal blood pH?

Alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

What do buffers do to stabilize pH?

Absorb or release H+ ions Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?

Covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

What are substances that produce ions when dissolved in water?

Electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding sets the stage for hydrogen bonding?

Polar covalent bonding Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction is based on the attraction forces between positive and negative atoms or molecules?

Electrostatic interaction Signup and view all the answers

What type of electrons typically participate in chemical reactions?

Valence electrons Signup and view all the answers

What type of elements are usually inert due to their full valence shells?

Noble gases Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between a metal and a nonmetal?

Ionic bond Signup and view all the answers

What contributes the anion of a salt when acids and bases react with each other?

The acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure of the concentration of a given solute in a liter of solvent?

Molarity Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure of concentration for blood glucose levels, usually presented as milligrams per deciliter?

Weight-volume proportion Signup and view all the answers

Which measure of concentration reflects the concentration of a given substance in a liter of blood?

Millimoles per liter Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of NaCl are present in 1 liter of 0.9 percent normal saline?

9 grams Signup and view all the answers

What is true about H3O+ ions in a solution?

They are formed by interaction with water Signup and view all the answers