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Questions and Answers
Which pigment is NOT associated with Heterokontophyta?
Which pigment is NOT associated with Heterokontophyta?
What is the primary storage compound found in Heterokontophyta?
What is the primary storage compound found in Heterokontophyta?
Which class of algae is known for its silica cell wall?
Which class of algae is known for its silica cell wall?
Which of the following describes the flagella of Haptophyta?
Which of the following describes the flagella of Haptophyta?
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Which pigment is primarily involved in photosynthesis for Dinophyta?
Which pigment is primarily involved in photosynthesis for Dinophyta?
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What type of algae is commonly referred to as 'Golden algae'?
What type of algae is commonly referred to as 'Golden algae'?
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What type of feeding strategy do dinoflagellates exhibit when they combine both photosynthesis and ingestion of organic material?
What type of feeding strategy do dinoflagellates exhibit when they combine both photosynthesis and ingestion of organic material?
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What is a distinct feature of diatoms in terms of their cellular structure?
What is a distinct feature of diatoms in terms of their cellular structure?
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What structural feature provides dinoflagellates with protection and classification characteristics?
What structural feature provides dinoflagellates with protection and classification characteristics?
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Which group of algae is indicated as important for primary production in the oceans?
Which group of algae is indicated as important for primary production in the oceans?
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Which flagellum of dinoflagellates lies in a groove and facilitates a spinning motion?
Which flagellum of dinoflagellates lies in a groove and facilitates a spinning motion?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dinoflagellates?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dinoflagellates?
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What significant role do dinoflagellates serve in aquatic ecosystems?
What significant role do dinoflagellates serve in aquatic ecosystems?
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Which characteristic distinguishes the dinoflagellate's unique swimming pattern?
Which characteristic distinguishes the dinoflagellate's unique swimming pattern?
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Which of the following dinoflagellates is known for causing red tide?
Which of the following dinoflagellates is known for causing red tide?
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What type of relationship do zooxanthellae have with corals?
What type of relationship do zooxanthellae have with corals?
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What is the primary event that led to the formation of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary event that led to the formation of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
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Which organelles evolved from the uptake of cyanobacteria by the ancestral eukaryotic cell?
Which organelles evolved from the uptake of cyanobacteria by the ancestral eukaryotic cell?
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What significant process occurred concurrently with the development of mitochondria?
What significant process occurred concurrently with the development of mitochondria?
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Which group of organisms did the ancestral eukaryote evolve into?
Which group of organisms did the ancestral eukaryote evolve into?
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Which of the following components is NOT a result of the endosymbiotic theory?
Which of the following components is NOT a result of the endosymbiotic theory?
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What evidence supports the theory of serial endosymbiosis?
What evidence supports the theory of serial endosymbiosis?
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Which of the following statements about plastid evolution is accurate?
Which of the following statements about plastid evolution is accurate?
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Which characteristic is shared by both mitochondria and plastids according to the endosymbiotic theory?
Which characteristic is shared by both mitochondria and plastids according to the endosymbiotic theory?
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Which structural feature is characteristic of the pigments found in Rhodophyta?
Which structural feature is characteristic of the pigments found in Rhodophyta?
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What is the storage compound used by Rhodophyta?
What is the storage compound used by Rhodophyta?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of Cyanophora paradoxa?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Cyanophora paradoxa?
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What type of chloroplast structure is found in Chlorophyta?
What type of chloroplast structure is found in Chlorophyta?
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Which enzyme is primarily found in pyrenoids of Chlorophyta species?
Which enzyme is primarily found in pyrenoids of Chlorophyta species?
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What describes the cell wall composition of Rhodophyta?
What describes the cell wall composition of Rhodophyta?
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Which of the following is a misconception about the reproduction of Cyanophora paradoxa?
Which of the following is a misconception about the reproduction of Cyanophora paradoxa?
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What connection is a feature in the cellular structure of Rhodophyta?
What connection is a feature in the cellular structure of Rhodophyta?
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What type of endosymbiosis occurs when a primary plastid-bearing alga is ingested by a non-photosynthetic eukaryote?
What type of endosymbiosis occurs when a primary plastid-bearing alga is ingested by a non-photosynthetic eukaryote?
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What structure in secondary plastid-bearing algae provides evidence of the endosymbiont's origin?
What structure in secondary plastid-bearing algae provides evidence of the endosymbiont's origin?
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In what type of algae does the endosymbiont nucleus persist as a nucleomorph?
In what type of algae does the endosymbiont nucleus persist as a nucleomorph?
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How many membranes characterize secondary plastids?
How many membranes characterize secondary plastids?
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What happens to the genes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ancestry during secondary endosymbiosis?
What happens to the genes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ancestry during secondary endosymbiosis?
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Which of the following structures is not associated with secondary plastid-bearing algae?
Which of the following structures is not associated with secondary plastid-bearing algae?
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What type of organism typically serves as the secondary host in secondary endosymbiosis?
What type of organism typically serves as the secondary host in secondary endosymbiosis?
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What is one consequence for certain secondary plastid-bearing algae regarding nucleomorphs?
What is one consequence for certain secondary plastid-bearing algae regarding nucleomorphs?
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What is the significance of supernumerary membranes in plastids?
What is the significance of supernumerary membranes in plastids?
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Which of the following groups is described as having plastids that evolved from cyanobacteria?
Which of the following groups is described as having plastids that evolved from cyanobacteria?
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What is the role of pigments like chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins in Glaucophyta?
What is the role of pigments like chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins in Glaucophyta?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between endosymbiosis and the evolution of plastids?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between endosymbiosis and the evolution of plastids?
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What was the primary hypothesis regarding plastid evolution prior to the findings in the 1970s and 80s?
What was the primary hypothesis regarding plastid evolution prior to the findings in the 1970s and 80s?
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In what way did proponents of endosymbiosis use plastid diversity to support their claims?
In what way did proponents of endosymbiosis use plastid diversity to support their claims?
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What morphological diversity is observed in plastids among algae?
What morphological diversity is observed in plastids among algae?
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What significant ecological impact has resulted from secondary endosymbiosis in algae?
What significant ecological impact has resulted from secondary endosymbiosis in algae?
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Study Notes
Plastid Evolution and Algal Diversity
- Lecture details: Molecular Cell Biology II (Molecular Cell Biology of Plants), MMLS.G3 (MCB W 15), November 8th + 15th 2024 (WS 2024/25), Jun.-Prof. Dr. Julie Zedler, Synthetic Biology of photosynthetic Organisms, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Faculty of Biosciences
Algal Phylogeny
- A circular diagram displays the evolutionary relationships among diverse algal lineages.
- Various groups, including Alveolates, Stramenopiles, Rhizaria, Excavates, Opisthokonts, Archaeplastida (green, red, glaucophytes), and others, are connected in a branching tree-like structure.
- Each group is associated with specific algal examples and characteristics.
- The diagram illustrates evolutionary links and diversifications within different algal lineages.
- This diagram visually represents algal diversity and evolutionary relationships
Serial Endosymbiosis
- A diagram depicts the process of serial endosymbiosis, showing how eukaryotic cells originated by engulfing and incorporating other cells.
- The process begins with an ancestral prokaryotic cell that engulfs a cyanobacterium (a photosynthetic bacterium).
- This interaction leads to the evolution of the first photosynthetic eukaryote.
Endosymbiosis and Plastid Evolution
- Diagram A illustrates the primary endosymbiosis event where a eukaryotic cell engulfs a cyanobacterium, resulting in a plastid-containing cell.
- Diagram B illustrates the secondary endosymbiosis event where a eukaryotic cell engulfs a photosynthetic eukaryote, resulting in a plastid with several membranes.
Primary Endosymbiosis Lineages
- Diagram of the primary endosymbiosis events that led to the evolution of plastids in plants.
- Shows the lineage(s) of the eukaryotic ancestor and the cyanobacterium that led to each lineage
- Glaucophyta, Chlorophyta, and Rhodophyta are shown as evolving from a primary endosymbiosis event.
Glaucophyta
- Chlorophyll a, phycobilins
- Cyanelles (muroplasts)
- Starch in cytoplasm
- No known sexual reproduction
Rhodophyta
- Chlorophyll a (+d), phycocyanin, phycoerythrin
- No flagellated cells
- Cell walls: Cellulose, mucilage (agars, carrageenans) or CaCO3
- Floridean starch as storage compound
- Pit connections
Chlorophyta
- Chlorophyll a, b
- Starch in chloroplast (+ pyrenoid, also a structure within the chloroplast that is involved in the process of carbon fixation)
- Plastid with two membranes
- Thylakoid membranes: no grana stacks
- Cell wall: mainly cellulose
Life Cycle Stages of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
- A diagram illustrating the stages of asexual and sexual reproduction in the alga, including vegetative cells, germ cells, mitosis, meiosis, zygotes and different cell types.
Algae Lineages
- Diagram illustrating primary and secondary endosymbiotic events that led to the diversity of plastids in algae.
- Shows the origin of various algal lineages (Chlorophyta, Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Cryptophyta, Euglenophyta, Dinophyta, Heterokontophyta, etc.).
Chlorarachniophyta
- Chlorophyll a, b
- Nucleomorph between chloroplast and ER membrane (in total four membranes)
- Storage compound: paramylon, sometimes amoeboflagellates
Euglenophyta
- Mainly unicellular flagellates (2 flagella)
- Mostly freshwater organisms
- Mixotrophic species, many heterotrophic species
- Plastids with 3 membranes
- Pigments: Chlorophyll a, b
- Storage compound: paramylon
- No cell wall
- Pellicle: a flexible covering on the surface of the cell that allows for euglenoid movement, which is a characteristic type of movement
Cryptophyta
- Pigments: chlorophyll a, c, phycobiliproteins
- Nucleomorph
- Periplast inside plasma membrane
- Starch product between chloroplast membrane
- Ejectosome
Heterokontophyta
- Pigments: chlorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin
- Heterokont flagella (stramenopiles)
- Storage compound: chrysolaminarin (cytoplasmic vesicles)
- 4 chloroplast membrane (chloroplast ER), nucleomorph lost
- Phaeophyta (“brown algae") (also includes diatoms, golden algae, yellow-green algae)
Chrysophyta
- Chrysophyceae: "Golden algae"
- Xanthophyceae: “Yellow-green algae"
Bacillariophyceae ("Diatoms")
- Most important algal class for primary production in the oceans
- Silica cell wall (frustule)
- Unicellular, some colonial
- Pennales vs. Centrales
Life Cycle Centric Diatoms
- Diagram showing the stages of the diatom life cycle, including oogenesis, spermatogenesis, vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, and auxospore development.
Haptophyta (Prymnesiophyta)
- Two flagella
- Pigments: chlorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin
- Coccoliths: Scales outside cell (CaCO3, cellulose)
- Storage product: chrysolaminarin (cytoplasmic vesicles)
- Haptonema
Dinophyta
- Pigments: chlorophyll a, b + carotene/ c + peridinin /c + fucoxanthin
- Two flagella
- Theca (cellulose plates)
- Heterotrophic, autotrophic, mixotrophic
- Second most important algal class of phytoplankton (after diatoms)
- Zooxanthellae
- Highly toxic species (HABs)
- Bioluminescence
Project "Lohafex"
- Fertilization of ocean with iron
- Project in 2009 (Alfred Wegener Institute, National Institute of Oceanography India)
- 20 t FeSO4 spread over 300 km2
Further Reading
- List of relevant scientific publications on endosymbiosis, eukaryotic cell evolution, algal phylogeny, and related topics.
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Description
This quiz explores the evolutionary relationships among various algal lineages and the concept of serial endosymbiosis. It covers key groups such as Alveolates, Stramenopiles, and Archaeplastida, showcasing their characteristics and connections. Test your knowledge on the diversity and evolution of algae within the context of molecular cell biology.
