Molecular Biology: RNA Processing

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Questions and Answers

What is primary RNA also known as?

  • Capped RNA
  • Cytoplasmic RNA
  • Heterogeneous RNA (correct)
  • Processed RNA

What occurs during the processing of primary RNA?

  • Conversion of primary RNA to mature RNA (correct)
  • Translation of intron sequences
  • Incorporation of introns into the coding sequence
  • Transcription of the coding sequence only

What feature do mature mRNA molecules possess that is critical for their function?

  • Cap and tail structures (correct)
  • A single UTR
  • Intron regions
  • Additional exons

Which of the following statements is true regarding posttranslational modification?

<p>It occurs only in eukaryotes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are found in primary RNA?

<p>Exon and intron regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the spliceosome in pre-mRNA processing?

<p>To splice out introns and join exons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the spliceosome acts as a catalyst during the splicing of pre-mRNA?

<p>Small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNase P in tRNA processing?

<p>To remove a precursor sequence from the 5’-end of tRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cellular compartment is the spliceosome primarily located?

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA primarily constitutes the spliceosome complex?

<p>Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 7-Methyl Guanosine Cap in mRNA?

<p>It protects mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes in the cytoplasm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the removal of introns and joining of exons?

<p>Splicing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Poly-A tail in mRNA?

<p>It stabilizes mRNA and aids in its export to the cytoplasm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of mature mRNA?

<p>Has a Cap and Tail along with 5'UTR and 3'UTR. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of the Cap added to mRNA?

<p>To protect mRNA from enzymatic degradation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of alternative splicing in gene expression?

<p>It allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT involved in the regulation of transcription?

<p>Exon shuffling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does chromatin remodeling influence gene expression?

<p>It alters the accessibility of DNA to transcription machinery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role of transcription factors in gene regulation?

<p>They promote the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process can contribute to the evolution of new proteins?

<p>Alternative splicing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Primary RNA

The initial, unedited RNA transcript of the entire gene, containing both exons and introns.

Post-translational modification

Changes made to proteins after they are translated, and only occur in eukaryotes, not prokaryotes.

Mature RNA

The processed RNA molecule, ready for function, and includes the mRNA, which is exported to the cytoplasm for translation.

Introns

Non-coding sequences of DNA that are removed during RNA processing.

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Bacteria Introns

Bacteria do not contain introns.

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Spliceosome

A complex made of snRNA and proteins that removes introns from pre-mRNA, joining exons to create mature mRNA.

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snRNA

Small nuclear RNA, a type of RNA found in spliceosomes that helps splice out introns from pre-mRNA.

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Ribozyme

An RNA molecule with catalytic activity, meaning it can act like an enzyme.

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Pre-mRNA Processing

The process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing introns and joining exons, creating mature mRNA ready for translation.

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tRNA Processing

Modifying a pre-tRNA molecule by removing a precursor sequence at the 5' end, using a ribozyme (RNase P), to form a functional tRNA.

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mRNA Cap

A 7-Methyl Guanosine molecule added to the 5' end of mRNA during processing. It helps ribosomes attach, protects mRNA from degradation, and facilitates export to the cytoplasm.

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mRNA Tail

A string of Adenine nucleotides (Poly-A tail) added to the 3' end of mRNA during processing. It contributes to mRNA stability, protects against degradation, and facilitates export to the cytoplasm.

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Exons

Coding sequences within a gene that are retained and spliced together during RNA processing. They are translated into proteins.

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UTR

Untranslated Regions (UTRs) are sequences located at the 5' and 3' ends of mature mRNA. They are not translated into proteins but play a crucial role in regulating gene expression.

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Alternative splicing

A process where a single gene can produce multiple protein variations by combining different sets of exons.

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Exon shuffling

A process where exons from different genes can be combined during evolution, leading to the formation of new, hybrid genes.

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Chromatin remodeling

The process of altering the structure of chromatin, which affects gene expression by controlling accessibility of DNA to transcription factors. It involves transitions between euchromatin (active) and heterochromatin (inactive).

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Histone modifications

Chemical changes to histone proteins, affecting the accessibility of DNA and influencing gene expression. Examples include methylation and acetylation.

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Transcription factors (TF)

Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences, regulating the rate of transcription. They can act as activators or repressors.

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Study Notes

Posttranslational Modification

  • Posttranslational modification happens only in eukaryotes, not prokaryotes.

Bacterial Genes

  • Bacteria lack introns (intervening sequences).

Primary RNA (Pre-RNA)

  • Also called heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).
  • The initial, unedited RNA transcript.
  • Represents the entire gene sequence.
  • Consists of exon and intron regions.

RNA Processing

  • Primary RNA (Pre-RNA) is processed to form mature RNA.

Mature RNA

  • Final, processed RNA molecule.
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) has untranslated regions (UTRs) at both ends of the coding sequence.
  • A "cap" and "tail" structures aid in the export of the mature mRNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

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