Molecular Biology Quiz on DNA and RNA Processes

Substance that loses electrons in a reaction and becomes oxidized.

Substance that gains electrons in a reaction and becomes reduced.

A measure of a chemical species' tendency to gain electrons and become reduced, expressed in volts.

The energy released due to the difference in redox potential between the electron donor and acceptor.

The difference in reduction potential between the electron acceptor and donor.

A process where phosphate groups are transferred from a substrate to ADP to generate ATP.

A metabolic process that generates ATP without oxygen. Instead, organic molecules are both oxidized and reduced, serving as both electron donors and acceptors.

A process where electrons are transferred from one molecule to another through a chain of electron carriers, releasing energy to pump protons across a membrane, ultimately generating ATP.

A process where energy from an electron transport chain is used to pump protons across a membrane, creating a concentration gradient that is then used to generate ATP.

The potential energy stored in the form of a concentration difference of ions across a membrane.

The specific point on a DNA molecule where DNA replication begins.

DNA replication proceeds in both directions from the origin of replication.

The strand synthesized continuously during DNA replication, as it is made in the 5' to 3' direction.

Short DNA fragments synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

The process of converting DNA into RNA.

The process where electrons are transferred from a donor to an acceptor through a series of carriers embedded in the cell membrane, generating a proton gradient across the membrane.

A specialized protein complex that uses the energy stored in the proton gradient to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

A molecule that acts as a universal energy currency in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes.

The process of converting pyruvate to lactic acid under anaerobic conditions. It regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis.

The transfer of electrons from one molecule to another, resulting in a change in oxidation state.

The ability of a molecule to attract electrons.

A measure of the tendency of a molecule to gain electrons.

A type of fermentation that produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, typically used by yeasts and some bacteria.

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

The process of converting organic compounds into energy and building blocks for cellular components.

The process of building up complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

A small molecule that binds to an enzyme and regulates its activity, often influencing metabolic pathways.

A type of transport across a cell membrane that does not require energy, moving down the concentration gradient.

A type of viral lifestyle where the virus actively replicates within the host cell, ultimately leading to the host cell's death through lysis.

A type of viral lifestyle where the virus integrates its genetic material into the host's genome, allowing it to coexist and replicate along with the host cell.

The process by which a temperate phage switches from a dormant state (lysogeny) to an active state (lytic), leading to the production of new phage particles and the destruction of the host cell.

A phage that can integrate its DNA into the host's chromosome and coexist with the host cell, but can also enter a lytic cycle and destroy the host cell.

A specific site on the E. coli chromosome where the lambda phage integrates its DNA.

The process by which a protein is modified after translation, often involving changes to its structure or the addition of new components.

A type of covalent modification where a portion of a protein is removed, often a signal sequence.

A type of covalent modification where two cysteine residues in a protein are linked by a disulfide bond.

A type of covalent modification where molecules like phosphate groups, methyl groups, sugars, nucleotides, or lipids are added to a protein.

Proteins that assist in the proper folding of other proteins, preventing misfolding and promoting correct structure.

A chaperone that rotates proline bonds, promoting proper folding of a protein.

A chaperone that repairs hydrophobic patches on a protein, ensuring it folds correctly.

A chaperone that provides a protected environment for a protein to refold, avoiding misfolding.

A system that transports proteins across the cell membrane, using a series of components including SecA, SecB, SecYEG, and Lep.

A protein that recognizes and binds to the signal sequence of a protein, leading it to the SecYEG channel.

A chaperone that coats a protein after SecA binding, preventing premature folding before it reaches the membrane.

A channel that allows proteins to cross the cell membrane, with assistance from SecA and SecB.

A type of protein secretion system that uses an ABC transporter to move proteins across the membrane.

A type of protein secretion system that involves two steps: translocation across the inner membrane and then further transport to the outer membrane.

A virus that infects plants, causing disease. They are circular RNA molecules without a protein coat. They rely on the host's RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for replication.

A type of influenza virus that infects both birds and mammals. It is the most common cause of pandemics.

A type of influenza virus that primarily affects humans. It is less common to cause pandemics than Type A.

An influenza virus that primarily affects cattle. It is less common than Types A and B.

A gradual change in the proteins of a virus, making it less recognizable by the immune system. This change occurs due to errors in replication.

A sudden and substantial change in the genetic makeup of a virus. This occurs when two different viral strains infect the same host cell, causing their genomes to mix.

A vaccine that protects against influenza. It is made from either inactive or weakened influenza viruses.