Molecular Biology Quiz on DNA and RNA Processes
55 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What enzyme is responsible for the elongation of the DNA strand during replication?

  • Ligase
  • Helicase
  • Topoisomerase
  • Polymerase (correct)

    • Which process refers to the conversion of DNA into RNA?

  • Replication
  • Translocation
  • Transcription (correct)
  • Translation

    • What are the DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand called?

  • Leading fragments
  • Primase fragments
  • Lagging fragments
  • Okazaki fragments (correct)

    • What direction does DNA replication proceed from the origin of replication?

    <p>Both directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sigma factor in transcription?

    <p>To give specificity to RNA polymerase binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a function associated with the Sec transport system?

    <p>It involves covalent modification and ATP hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lambda repressor in the lifecycle of the lambda phage?

    <p>To keep phage genes from being expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a temperate phage differ from a virulent phage?

    <p>It only replicates under specific conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is specifically used for quantifying RNA viruses?

    <p>qRT-PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lambda phage during the induction process?

    <p>The lambda repressor is cleaved, leading to gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron donor in the oxidation reaction involving glucose?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the overall reaction of glucose oxidation?

    <p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron acceptor in the given reactions involving iron?

    <p>O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about reduction potential is correct?

    <p>The more positive the E', the better the compound is at accepting electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of redox reactions, what does a greater difference in redox potential imply?

    <p>More energy is released.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP)?

    <p>Phosphate transfer from an organic substrate to ADP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge of fermentation?

    <p>Removing excess electrons from the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the end products of fermentation characterized?

    <p>They consist of both oxidized and reduced substrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the reaction 2H+ + H2 → H2O, what is the value of ΔE if E' accepting couple is 0.82 V and E' donating couple is -0.42 V?

    <p>1.24 V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the formula ΔG' = -nFΔE' represent?

    <p>Gibbs free energy change in a redox reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological state of a cell that supports lysogeny?

    <p>Stationary phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes prions?

    <p>Misfolded proteins causing degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viroids infect plants?

    <p>Through wound entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of antigenic drift in viruses?

    <p>Gradual changes in surface proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of influenza virus is known for causing pandemics?

    <p>Type A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the difference between antigenic shift and antigenic drift?

    <p>Drift is caused by high error rates, shift is from dual infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surface protein variances are used to classify Type A influenza?

    <p>Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is classified as an inactivated influenza vaccine?

    <p>Whole virus that cannot replicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall reaction when glucose is converted to lactic acid?

    <p>C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme system is essential for ATP synthesis and uses ion flow for catalysis?

    <p>ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in organisms?

    <p>To break down hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cyclic photosynthesis from noncyclic photosynthesis?

    <p>Electrons flow back to chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a feature of the phosphotransferase system?

    <p>Involves phosphorylation of the substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of electron acceptors?

    <p>Aerobic respiration uses O2 as an electron acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the process of nitrogen fixation primarily occur in microorganisms?

    <p>Using nitrogenase which is highly O2 sensitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction consumes protons inside the cell to create a gradient?

    <p>Scalar reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a Na+ gradient in microbes?

    <p>Respiration in low pH environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for ATP generation by ATPase?

    <p>H+ ions flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is used by microbes as a temporary alternative to generate gradients in high pH environments?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements requires a transport mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria due to its insolubility?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does catalase play in microorganisms?

    <p>Converts hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about NADPH and NADH is correct?

    <p>NADPH is involved in biosynthesis reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chaperones play in protein processing?

    <p>They assist in protein folding and stabilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Sec system, what is the function of SecB?

    <p>To coat the protein and prevent premature folding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein secretion involves a conjugative transfer system?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do enveloped viruses typically release from a host cell?

    <p>By budding off from the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During viral replication, what is the role of ligands?

    <p>Bind to host receptors during attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately after a virus penetrates a host cell?

    <p>The virus's nucleic acids enter the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the retrovirus lifecycle involving reverse transcription?

    <p>It creates a provirus integrated into the host genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT associated with RNA viruses?

    <p>Double-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of modification can occur during protein processing?

    <p>Covalent modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the viral replication cycle, what is the first step?

    <p>Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the SecA protein in the Sec pathway?

    <p>To recognize and bind the signal sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Type III protein secretion systems in bacteria?

    <p>They are contact-dependent mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA virus replicates its genome in a manner where the genomic RNA serves as mRNA?

    <p>Positive polarity RNA viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 5 Metabolism

    • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in living systems
    • Catabolism is involved in energy generation
    • Anabolism is involved in biosynthesis
    • Cells require elements like carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and water, as well as energy from redox reactions and reducing equivalents (H+ + e-)
    • Energy carriers like NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH are vital for metabolic processes.
    • Organisms are classified based on their energy (chemo vs. photo) and carbon (hetero vs. auto) sources

    Life is Redox

    • Delta G is the free energy of a reaction.
    • Delta G < 0, the reaction is exergonic (releases energy)
    • Delta G > 0, the reaction is endergonic (requires energy)
    • Standard conditions for redox reactions are: concentration = 1 M, atmospheric pressure = 1 atm, and temperature = 25°C (standard temperature and pressure) ; standard pH =7
    • Oxidation is the removal of electrons from a substrate
    • Reduction is the addition of electrons to a substrate

    Redox Reactions

    • Oxidation: removal of electrons from a substrate (e- donor)
    • Reduction: addition of electrons to a substrate (e- acceptor)
    • Important redox rules are balancing Carbon (to CO2) and other elements, and hydrogen and oxygen atoms by using H2O or H+.

    Chapter 6

    • Energy is used to drive endergonic reactions
    • High-energy phosphate bonds (e.g., in ATP, GTP) are crucial.
    • Transmembrane ion gradients (e.g., H+, Na+) store energy.
    • ATP is generated in two ways: substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) and via transmembrane ion gradients.

    Chapter 7 Biosynthesis

    • Biosynthesis requires starting materials and reducing equivalents (like NADPH).
    • NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH play distinct roles in energy reactions and biosynthesis, respectively
    • Key enzymes in biosynthetic pathways are often allosterically regulated.
    • Precursor metabolites are the building blocks for biosynthesis

    Chapter 8-9 Proteins

    • Proteins can be modified covalently through cleavage, the formation of disulfide linkages (S–S bonds), and the addition of various molecules (e.g., phosphate, methyl groups, sugars).
    • Chaperones are proteins that assist in protein folding and refolding.
    • Sec system, involved in protein transport across the membranes

    Chapter 17 Viruses

    • Viruses are not organisms but infectious agents.
    • Fundamental components include nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat (capsid).
    • Viruses can have envelopes
    • Viral replication involves several stages: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release.
    • Viruses can cause disease by damaging host cells, disrupting their function, or inducing inflammatory responses.

    Chapter 18 viral replication

    • DNA viruses use the host's DNA polymerase to make mRNA.
    • RNA viruses make RNA with the help of viral RNA replication.
    • Retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA
    • Viral proteins are synthesized using the host cell's ribosomes.
    • Translation of mRNA produces viral proteins
    • Viruses assemble new particles using the viral proteins
    • New viruses are released, typically by budding or lysis.

    Chapter 19, Temperate Phage

    • Temperate phages can choose between the lytic and lysogenic cycle.
    • The lytic cycle results in destruction of the host cell with an increase in viruses.
    • The lysogenic cycle integrates viral DNA into the bacterial chromosome to produce a prophage.

    Extra Cellular Matrix

    • The ECM is a complex network of extracellular molecules and fibers that supports, organizes, and separates cells.

    Fermentation

    • Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
    • Fermentation regenerates oxidized electron carriers.
    • End products are different based on conditions
    • Fermentation processes produce compounds like lactic acid and ethanol.

    Nutrient Transport

    • Active transport requires energy to move molecules across cell membranes from low to high concentrations.
    • Passive transport does not require energy.
    • Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport assisted by membrane proteins.
    • TonB-dependent transporters are responsible for transporting many molecules, like the siderophore, across the cell membrane.

    Redox Potential

    • A measure of a substance's tendency to gain or lose electrons
    • Higher redox potentials are better at gaining electrons
    • A large difference between redox potentials means a significant release of energy in a reaction

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
    • Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.

    Enzyme Activity

    • Enzymes catalyze reactions faster than they would occur spontaneously.
    • Enzyme activity is typically regulated to control the rate of metabolic pathways.
    • Regulation mechanisms include feedback inhibition and allosteric regulation.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key molecular biology concepts related to DNA replication and transcription. This quiz covers important enzymes, processes, and terminologies essential for understanding genetic mechanisms. Perfect for students learning about the fundamentals of genetics!

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser