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Molecular Biology Quiz
80 Questions
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Molecular Biology Quiz

Created by
@ToughestChlorine

Questions and Answers

What type of DNA amplification involves amplifying a region of DNA on either side of a known segment?

Inverse PCR

How many types of point mutations are able to alter the genetic code?

3

What is the first amino acid to be incorporated in the eukaryotic polypeptide?

Methionine

Which of the following is not a function of genetic material?

<p>Genotypic function, gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the template strand of a segment of a gene has the nucleotide sequence 3'-GCATAGC-5', what nucleotide sequence will be present in the RNA transcript specified by this gene segment?

<p>5'-CGAUUCG-3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ensures stable binding of RNA polymerase at the promoter site?

<p>Sigma factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if you changed one nucleotide in a codon?

<p>All of the above are possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the job of tRNA during translation?

<p>To carry amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of DNA synthesis during replication?

<p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for forming complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA?

<p>Reverse Transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is capable of forming disulfide bonds in a protein molecule?

<p>Cysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the point at which an amino acid has an equal number of positive and negative charges?

<p>Isoelectric point</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of identifying a specific DNA molecule?

<p>Southern hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of replication in E. coli?

<p>Semiconservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of modifying pre-mRNA to form mature RNA?

<p>RNA processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a DNA molecule that carries a foreign gene or DNA fragment?

<p>Vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription?

<p>Promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many DNA duplexes are obtained from one DNA duplex after 4 cycles of PCR?

<p>32</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a probe in hybridization of DNA?

<p>Either purified or synthesized single-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of a spliceosome?

<p>RNA and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not part of the RNA polymerase core enzyme?

<p>σ</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the genetic material expressed?

<p>By transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

During protein synthesis, an anticodon on transfer RNA (tRNA) pairs with:

<p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotide bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the segments of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated into protein?

<p>Exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of RT-PCR?

<p>To generate a cDNA from a single type of mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of agarose gels in molecular biology?

<p>To separate large DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds hold the two polynucleotide strands together in their helical configuration?

<p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transfer RNAs (tRNAs)?

<p>To function as adaptors between amino acids and codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA ligase?

<p>To join two DNA strands covalently</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of chromosomes?

<p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the RNA molecule produced by transcription and the DNA template strand?

<p>Complementary and antiparallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the genetic information stored in genes transferred to for protein synthesis?

<p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sigma factor in bacterial RNA polymerase?

<p>to position RNA polymerase correctly on the template DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first RNA processing event?

<p>Capping</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of eukaryotic RNA polymerase I?

<p>Transcription of the major rRNA transcript</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serves as the first primer in Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) for eukaryotic RNA?

<p>Oligo(dT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a group of linked genes whose expression is coordinately regulated?

<p>Operon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a type of RNA processing?

<p>Removal of exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of oligonucleotide used as a primer for the process of polymerase chain reaction?

<p>Single stranded DNA oligonucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding splicing of eukaryotic mRNA transcripts is correct?

<p>Several reactions in the splicing process involve hydrolysis of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA molecules function as adaptors between amino acids and codons?

<p>transfer RNAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA ligase?

<p>to covalently link two DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the RNA molecule produced by transcription and the DNA template strand?

<p>complementary and antiparallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the genetic information stored in genes transferred to for protein synthesis?

<p>ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds hold the two polynucleotide strands together in their helical configuration?

<p>hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of RT-PCR?

<p>to synthesize cDNA from mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gels are better sieves for large molecular weight nucleic acids?

<p>agarose gels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who showed that 'Markmalen' (now genes) transmitted genetic information?

<p>Gregor Mendel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA molecules are translated on ribosomes?

<p>messenger RNAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of telomeres in DNA?

<p>prevent replication of the ends of the linear DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

During RT-PCR, which enzyme is responsible for the degradation of mRNA?

<p>RNase H</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of DNA synthesis during replication?

<p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of DNA synthesis during replication?

<p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of cosmids?

<p>designed especially for cloning large DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of modifying pre-mRNA to form mature RNA called?

<p>RNA Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme responsible for forming complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA?

<p>Reverse Transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of identifying a specific DNA molecule?

<p>hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the point at which an amino acid has an equal number of positive and negative charges?

<p>Isoelectric Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA ligase?

<p>to seal gaps in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of modifying pre-mRNA to form mature RNA?

<p>RNA processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Southern hybridization used to identify?

<p>A specific DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of identifying a specific DNA molecule?

<p>Hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of replication in E. coli?

<p>Semiconservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a vector used for in molecular biology?

<p>To carry foreign genes or DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription?

<p>Promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of a spliceosome?

<p>RNA and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the genetic material expressed?

<p>By transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

During replication, separation of DNA strands requires:

<p>Hydrogen bonds to unzip</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Sanger method, synthesis of DNA continues until a:

<p>ddNTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

<p>DNA is a template for all RNA production</p> Signup and view all the answers

During protein synthesis, an anticodon on transfer RNA (tRNA) pairs with:

<p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotide bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the segments of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated into protein called?

<p>Exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Northern blot?

<p>To transfer RNA to membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of RNA transcript from the template strand of a gene with the nucleotide sequence 3'-GCATAGC-5'?

<p>5'-CGUAUCG-3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is incorrect about RNA polymerases?

<p>They can initiate transcription without a sigma factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of histones in chromatin?

<p>To complex with DNA to form nucleosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA polymerases?

<p>To replicate DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct statement about Southern blot?

<p>It is used to transfer DNA to membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of spliceosomes?

<p>To process pre-mRNA into mature RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the RNA molecule produced by transcription and the DNA template strand?

<p>The RNA molecule is complementary to the DNA template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DNA Structure and Function

  • DNA sequence(s) lying upstream from a gene, to which RNA polymerase binds, is called a promoter.
  • The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is a template for all RNA production.

PCR and DNA Replication

  • After 4 cycles of PCR, 16 DNA duplexes are obtained from one DNA duplex.
  • During replication, separation of DNA strands requires the unzipping of hydrogen bonds.
  • The mode of replication in E. coli is semi-conservative.

Transcription

  • The genetic material is expressed through transcription and translation.
  • Transcription of a gene results in the production of mRNA.
  • RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for transcription.
  • Sigma factor ensures stable binding of RNA polymerase at the promoter site.
  • The process of modification of pre-mRNA is known as RNA processing.

Translation

  • Each group of 3 consecutive mRNA bases is a codon that specifies one amino acid or a stop codon.
  • The segments of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated into protein are called exons.
  • During protein synthesis, an anticodon on transfer RNA (tRNA) pairs with mRNA nucleotide bases.
  • The job of tRNA during translation is to bring the correct amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

RNA Processing

  • RNA processing includes capping, splicing, and editing.
  • The first RNA processing event is capping.
  • Splicing takes place in the nucleus, and small nuclear RNAs are involved in the process.
  • The RNA molecule produced by transcription will be complementary and antiparallel to the DNA template strand.

Gene Regulation

  • A group of linked genes whose expression is coordinately regulated is called an operon.
  • The operator is the DNA sequence to which the repressor binds to prevent transcription.

Molecular Biology Techniques

  • Southern hybridization is used to identify a specific DNA.
  • Northern hybridization is used to identify a specific RNA.
  • A vector is used to carry foreign genes or DNA fragments.
  • The enzyme that joins the two DNAs covalently is DNA ligase.
  • Agarose gels are better sieves for large DNA molecules.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

  • The small RNA molecules that function as adaptors between amino acids and the codons are called transfer RNAs.
  • Chromosomes are composed of proteins and nucleic acids.
  • The genetic information stored in the sequences of nucleotide pairs in genes must be transferred to the sites of protein synthesis in the ribosomes.

Molecular Biology

  • Taq polymerase is an enzyme used in PCR.
  • Primers are oligonucleotides used in PCR.
  • Template DNA is double-stranded.

DNA Replication

  • Synthesis occurs in the 5' to 3' direction.
  • E. coli has a semi-conservative mode of replication.

cDNA Synthesis

  • Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme used to form cDNA from mRNA.

Amino Acids

  • Cysteine is an amino acid that can produce disulfide bonds in protein molecules.
  • Glycine is an amino acid that has an alpha-carbon with 2 hydrogen substituents and is optically inactive.

Southern Hybridization

  • Southern hybridization is used to identify a specific DNA.

Enzymes

  • Enzymes differ from proteins in that they have an active site.
  • Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used to form cDNA from mRNA.

Genetics

  • Linked genes are those located on the same loci on the same chromosome.
  • E. coli has multiple replication origins.

RNA Processing

  • RNA processing is the modification of pre-mRNA.
  • Spliceosomes are composed of RNA and protein.

PCR

  • Each cycle of PCR doubles the number of DNA duplexes.
  • A probe is a single-stranded DNA used in hybridization.

RNA Polymerase

  • RNA polymerase has a core enzyme that lacks σ.
  • The Sanger method is used for DNA sequencing.

Transcription

  • The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is a template for RNA production.
  • Transcription of a gene results in the production of mRNA.

Translation

  • During protein synthesis, an anticodon on tRNA pairs with mRNA nucleotide bases.
  • The RNA molecule produced by transcription is complementary and antiparallel to the DNA template strand.

Real-Time PCR

  • Real-time PCR keeps track of the progress of PCR by monitoring the degradation of a reporter probe.

Telomeres

  • Telomeres prevent the loss of DNA material and prevent fusion of the ends with other DNA.

Cloning

  • Cosmids are vectors that can carry large DNA fragments and behave both as plasmids and as phages.

Nucleotides

  • Nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base.

Other

  • The lagging strand is discontinuous.
  • B-DNA is a right-handed, negative supercoil.
  • Inclusion bodies are highly insoluble, inactive granules formed by improperly folded products of cloned genes.

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Description

This quiz covers DNA structure and function, PCR and DNA replication, and transcription. Test your knowledge of molecular biology concepts and processes.

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