Molecular Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of DNA amplification involves amplifying a region of DNA on either side of a known segment?

  • RT-PCR
  • PCR
  • Real-time PCR
  • Inverse PCR (correct)

    • How many types of point mutations are able to alter the genetic code?

  • 3 (correct)
  • 2
  • 1
  • 4

    • What is the first amino acid to be incorporated in the eukaryotic polypeptide?

  • Valine
  • N-acyl valine
  • N-formyl methionine
  • Methionine (correct)

    • Which of the following is not a function of genetic material?

    <p>Genotypic function, gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the template strand of a segment of a gene has the nucleotide sequence 3'-GCATAGC-5', what nucleotide sequence will be present in the RNA transcript specified by this gene segment?

    <p>5'-CGAUUCG-3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ensures stable binding of RNA polymerase at the promoter site?

    <p>Sigma factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might happen if you changed one nucleotide in a codon?

    <p>All of the above are possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the job of tRNA during translation?

    <p>To carry amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of DNA synthesis during replication?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for forming complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA?

    <p>Reverse Transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is capable of forming disulfide bonds in a protein molecule?

    <p>Cysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the point at which an amino acid has an equal number of positive and negative charges?

    <p>Isoelectric point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of identifying a specific DNA molecule?

    <p>Southern hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of replication in E. coli?

    <p>Semiconservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of modifying pre-mRNA to form mature RNA?

    <p>RNA processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a DNA molecule that carries a foreign gene or DNA fragment?

    <p>Vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription?

    <p>Promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many DNA duplexes are obtained from one DNA duplex after 4 cycles of PCR?

    <p>32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a probe in hybridization of DNA?

    <p>Either purified or synthesized single-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of a spliceosome?

    <p>RNA and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not part of the RNA polymerase core enzyme?

    <p>σ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the genetic material expressed?

    <p>By transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein synthesis, an anticodon on transfer RNA (tRNA) pairs with:

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotide bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the segments of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated into protein?

    <p>Exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RT-PCR?

    <p>To generate a cDNA from a single type of mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of agarose gels in molecular biology?

    <p>To separate large DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds hold the two polynucleotide strands together in their helical configuration?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNAs (tRNAs)?

    <p>To function as adaptors between amino acids and codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA ligase?

    <p>To join two DNA strands covalently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of chromosomes?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the RNA molecule produced by transcription and the DNA template strand?

    <p>Complementary and antiparallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic information stored in genes transferred to for protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sigma factor in bacterial RNA polymerase?

    <p>to position RNA polymerase correctly on the template DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first RNA processing event?

    <p>Capping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of eukaryotic RNA polymerase I?

    <p>Transcription of the major rRNA transcript</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as the first primer in Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) for eukaryotic RNA?

    <p>Oligo(dT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a group of linked genes whose expression is coordinately regulated?

    <p>Operon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a type of RNA processing?

    <p>Removal of exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of oligonucleotide used as a primer for the process of polymerase chain reaction?

    <p>Single stranded DNA oligonucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding splicing of eukaryotic mRNA transcripts is correct?

    <p>Several reactions in the splicing process involve hydrolysis of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA molecules function as adaptors between amino acids and codons?

    <p>transfer RNAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA ligase?

    <p>to covalently link two DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the RNA molecule produced by transcription and the DNA template strand?

    <p>complementary and antiparallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic information stored in genes transferred to for protein synthesis?

    <p>ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds hold the two polynucleotide strands together in their helical configuration?

    <p>hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RT-PCR?

    <p>to synthesize cDNA from mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gels are better sieves for large molecular weight nucleic acids?

    <p>agarose gels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who showed that 'Markmalen' (now genes) transmitted genetic information?

    <p>Gregor Mendel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA molecules are translated on ribosomes?

    <p>messenger RNAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of telomeres in DNA?

    <p>prevent replication of the ends of the linear DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During RT-PCR, which enzyme is responsible for the degradation of mRNA?

    <p>RNase H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of DNA synthesis during replication?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of DNA synthesis during replication?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cosmids?

    <p>designed especially for cloning large DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of modifying pre-mRNA to form mature RNA called?

    <p>RNA Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for forming complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA?

    <p>Reverse Transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of identifying a specific DNA molecule?

    <p>hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the point at which an amino acid has an equal number of positive and negative charges?

    <p>Isoelectric Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA ligase?

    <p>to seal gaps in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of modifying pre-mRNA to form mature RNA?

    <p>RNA processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Southern hybridization used to identify?

    <p>A specific DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of identifying a specific DNA molecule?

    <p>Hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of replication in E. coli?

    <p>Semiconservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vector used for in molecular biology?

    <p>To carry foreign genes or DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription?

    <p>Promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of a spliceosome?

    <p>RNA and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the genetic material expressed?

    <p>By transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During replication, separation of DNA strands requires:

    <p>Hydrogen bonds to unzip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Sanger method, synthesis of DNA continues until a:

    <p>ddNTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>DNA is a template for all RNA production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein synthesis, an anticodon on transfer RNA (tRNA) pairs with:

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotide bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the segments of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated into protein called?

    <p>Exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Northern blot?

    <p>To transfer RNA to membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of RNA transcript from the template strand of a gene with the nucleotide sequence 3'-GCATAGC-5'?

    <p>5'-CGUAUCG-3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is incorrect about RNA polymerases?

    <p>They can initiate transcription without a sigma factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of histones in chromatin?

    <p>To complex with DNA to form nucleosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerases?

    <p>To replicate DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct statement about Southern blot?

    <p>It is used to transfer DNA to membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of spliceosomes?

    <p>To process pre-mRNA into mature RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the RNA molecule produced by transcription and the DNA template strand?

    <p>The RNA molecule is complementary to the DNA template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Structure and Function

    • DNA sequence(s) lying upstream from a gene, to which RNA polymerase binds, is called a promoter.
    • The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is a template for all RNA production.

    PCR and DNA Replication

    • After 4 cycles of PCR, 16 DNA duplexes are obtained from one DNA duplex.
    • During replication, separation of DNA strands requires the unzipping of hydrogen bonds.
    • The mode of replication in E. coli is semi-conservative.

    Transcription

    • The genetic material is expressed through transcription and translation.
    • Transcription of a gene results in the production of mRNA.
    • RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for transcription.
    • Sigma factor ensures stable binding of RNA polymerase at the promoter site.
    • The process of modification of pre-mRNA is known as RNA processing.

    Translation

    • Each group of 3 consecutive mRNA bases is a codon that specifies one amino acid or a stop codon.
    • The segments of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated into protein are called exons.
    • During protein synthesis, an anticodon on transfer RNA (tRNA) pairs with mRNA nucleotide bases.
    • The job of tRNA during translation is to bring the correct amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

    RNA Processing

    • RNA processing includes capping, splicing, and editing.
    • The first RNA processing event is capping.
    • Splicing takes place in the nucleus, and small nuclear RNAs are involved in the process.
    • The RNA molecule produced by transcription will be complementary and antiparallel to the DNA template strand.

    Gene Regulation

    • A group of linked genes whose expression is coordinately regulated is called an operon.
    • The operator is the DNA sequence to which the repressor binds to prevent transcription.

    Molecular Biology Techniques

    • Southern hybridization is used to identify a specific DNA.
    • Northern hybridization is used to identify a specific RNA.
    • A vector is used to carry foreign genes or DNA fragments.
    • The enzyme that joins the two DNAs covalently is DNA ligase.
    • Agarose gels are better sieves for large DNA molecules.

    RNA and Protein Synthesis

    • The small RNA molecules that function as adaptors between amino acids and the codons are called transfer RNAs.
    • Chromosomes are composed of proteins and nucleic acids.
    • The genetic information stored in the sequences of nucleotide pairs in genes must be transferred to the sites of protein synthesis in the ribosomes.

    Molecular Biology

    • Taq polymerase is an enzyme used in PCR.
    • Primers are oligonucleotides used in PCR.
    • Template DNA is double-stranded.

    DNA Replication

    • Synthesis occurs in the 5' to 3' direction.
    • E. coli has a semi-conservative mode of replication.

    cDNA Synthesis

    • Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme used to form cDNA from mRNA.

    Amino Acids

    • Cysteine is an amino acid that can produce disulfide bonds in protein molecules.
    • Glycine is an amino acid that has an alpha-carbon with 2 hydrogen substituents and is optically inactive.

    Southern Hybridization

    • Southern hybridization is used to identify a specific DNA.

    Enzymes

    • Enzymes differ from proteins in that they have an active site.
    • Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used to form cDNA from mRNA.

    Genetics

    • Linked genes are those located on the same loci on the same chromosome.
    • E. coli has multiple replication origins.

    RNA Processing

    • RNA processing is the modification of pre-mRNA.
    • Spliceosomes are composed of RNA and protein.

    PCR

    • Each cycle of PCR doubles the number of DNA duplexes.
    • A probe is a single-stranded DNA used in hybridization.

    RNA Polymerase

    • RNA polymerase has a core enzyme that lacks σ.
    • The Sanger method is used for DNA sequencing.

    Transcription

    • The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is a template for RNA production.
    • Transcription of a gene results in the production of mRNA.

    Translation

    • During protein synthesis, an anticodon on tRNA pairs with mRNA nucleotide bases.
    • The RNA molecule produced by transcription is complementary and antiparallel to the DNA template strand.

    Real-Time PCR

    • Real-time PCR keeps track of the progress of PCR by monitoring the degradation of a reporter probe.

    Telomeres

    • Telomeres prevent the loss of DNA material and prevent fusion of the ends with other DNA.

    Cloning

    • Cosmids are vectors that can carry large DNA fragments and behave both as plasmids and as phages.

    Nucleotides

    • Nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base.

    Other

    • The lagging strand is discontinuous.
    • B-DNA is a right-handed, negative supercoil.
    • Inclusion bodies are highly insoluble, inactive granules formed by improperly folded products of cloned genes.

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    Description

    This quiz covers DNA structure and function, PCR and DNA replication, and transcription. Test your knowledge of molecular biology concepts and processes.

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