Molecular Biology of the Gene Study Notes
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Molecular Biology of the Gene Study Notes

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Questions and Answers

During translation, the start codon on mRNA is AUG. The anticodon is __________ on __________.

UAC; tRNA

If words were amino acids, which of the following choices would illustrate a silent mutation of the 'wild-type' sentence: 'Please drive Priscilla home after her ballet lesson'?

  • Please take Priscilla home in the car after her dance class. (correct)
  • Please drive Priscilla to her ballet lesson.
  • Please drive Priscilla home after her ballet lesson.
  • Please drive Priscilla home after her ballet performance.

    • What is the correct sequence of bases on the mRNA molecule that is transcribed from the DNA strand: TAC TTC AAA ATC?

    AUG AAG UUU UAG

    What is the special function of the RNA codons UAA, UGA, and UAG?

    <p>They are stop codons that end the translation of a gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In translation, four nucleotides specify __________ amino acids, but there are __________ possible codons.

    <p>20; 64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme transferase joins each amino acid to its correct tRNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the virus transmitted by mosquitoes that causes brain inflammation?

    <p>West Nile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The base sequence of the anticodon on tRNA that corresponds to the sequence AGT on DNA is __________.

    <p>AGU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of the membranous envelope in viruses such as the mumps virus?

    <p>the plasma membrane, which covers the virus as it leaves the host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Retroviruses use an enzyme called __________ to synthesize __________.

    <p>reverse transcriptase; DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes transduction between bacteria?

    <p>A phage injects a piece of bacterial DNA into another bacterium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mumps is caused by a virus with DNA as its genetic material.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frequency with which we need a vaccination against Disease X depends partly on __________.

    <p>how quickly the virus mutates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does translation of mRNA begin?

    <p>An initiator tRNA that carries methionine base-pairs with the mRNA start codon on a small ribosomal subunit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, one strand is synthesized in a single continuous piece by an enzyme that works __________ the replication fork. The other strand is composed of Okazaki fragments that are linked into a single strand by an enzyme called __________.

    <p>toward; DNA ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kuru is caused by a herpes virus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the most important result of the studies of heritability using bacteriophages conducted by Hershey and Chase in the 1950s?

    <p>DNA, not protein, is the molecule of heredity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the structure of DNA molecules is/are correct?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substitution mutations usually result in dysfunctional proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA replication called 'semiconservative'?

    <p>Each new DNA molecule has one newly synthesized strand and one parental strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event occurs outside the interval between mRNA transcription and the exit of mRNA from the nucleus for translation?

    <p>Start and stop codons on mRNA are read.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each molecule of DNA or RNA has a backbone consisting of two molecules, __________. The third component is __________.

    <p>a sugar and a phosphate group; a nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a lysogenic, but not a lytic, viral reproductive cycle?

    <p>The prophage can remain in the bacterial chromosome indefinitely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are implicated in the development of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Beadle and Tatum win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958?

    <p>They proposed the 'one gene-one enzyme' hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we usually recover completely from a cold, but rarely recover completely from polio?

    <p>The cells of the respiratory tract undergo mitosis, whereas mature nerve cells do not divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecular Biology of the Gene Study Notes

    • Translation begins with the start codon AUG on mRNA, with the corresponding anticodon UAC found on tRNA.
    • Silent mutations alter the DNA sequence without changing the encoded amino acid, illustrated by "Please take Priscilla home in the car after her dance class" as a variation of the original sentence.
    • The mRNA sequence transcribed from the DNA strand TAC TTC AAA ATC is AUG AAG UUU UAG.
    • UAA, UGA, and UAG are stop codons that terminate translation.
    • Four nucleotides code for 20 amino acids, resulting in 64 possible codons where some amino acids can be coded by multiple codons.
    • An incorrect statement about tRNA is that transferase is responsible for joining amino acids to tRNA.
    • The West Nile virus, transmitted by mosquitoes, can cause brain inflammation.
    • The anticodon that pairs with the DNA sequence AGT on tRNA is AGU.
    • The membranous envelope of the mumps virus originates from the host cell's plasma membrane during viral budding.
    • Retroviruses utilize reverse transcriptase to create DNA from their RNA genome.
    • Transduction in bacteria involves a phage inserting bacterial DNA into another bacterium.
    • An incorrect pairing of a virus and its genetic material includes mumps being associated with DNA.
    • The mutation rate of a virus influences how often vaccinations are required.
    • Translation initiation involves an initiator tRNA carrying methionine binding to the mRNA start codon on the ribosomal small subunit.
    • DNA replication synthesizes one strand continuously towards the replication fork and the other in Okazaki fragments, which are joined by DNA ligase.
    • An incorrect pairing of a pathogen with a disease is kuru being caused by a herpes virus.
    • Hershey and Chase's research confirmed DNA as the genetic material through their bacteriophage studies.
    • Correct statements about DNA structure include unique nucleotide orders per gene, three hydrogen bonds between C-G, and an antiparallel arrangement of the phosphate-sugar backbone.
    • Substitution mutations do not always lead to dysfunctional proteins.
    • Semiconservative DNA replication results in one old and one new strand in each daughter molecule.
    • During mRNA processing, start and stop codons are not recognized until translation begins, occurring after mRNA exits the nucleus.
    • DNA and RNA have backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups, with nitrogenous bases attached.
    • A lysogenic cycle allows the prophage to persist indefinitely within the bacterial chromosome, unlike lytic cycles.
    • R plasmids contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance.
    • Beadle and Tatum's "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis was supported by observing that each mutation in Neurospora crassa could be linked to a specific gene affecting enzyme production.
    • Recovery from colds is more common than from polio due to respiratory tract cells' ability to undergo mitosis compared to non-dividing mature nerve cells.

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    Test your knowledge on the molecular biology of genes with this quiz. Explore concepts such as translation, mutations, mRNA sequences, and the role of tRNA in protein synthesis. Ideal for students in molecular biology at any level.

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