28 Questions
What is the primary outcome of the process of transcription?
A complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence is produced
What is the result of a mutation in a gene?
Any of the above, resulting in a change in protein function
What is the role of the genetic code?
To specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
What happens to the polypeptide after translation?
Any of the above, depending on the polypeptide
What is the purpose of gene expression?
To synthesize proteins
What is the function of UAA, UAG, and UGA in protein synthesis?
Termination (stop) codons
Why is the genetic code considered nearly universal?
Because it's shared by all living organisms
What is the term for the redundancy of the genetic code?
Degeneracy
Why can genes be transplanted from one species to another?
Because of the universality of the genetic code
What is the term for the different ways of reading a sequence of codons?
Reading frames
What is the primary source of all genetic variation?
Mutations
What type of mutation is AUGUCUUAUGUGGGGUAA, compared to the wildtype sequence?
Missense mutation
What is the effect of a loss-of-function mutation?
Abolished protein function
What type of mutation is AUGUCUUAAGAGGGGUAA, compared to the wildtype sequence?
Nonsense mutation
What is a conditional mutation?
A mutation that causes a mutant phenotype in only a certain environment
What is the effect of a gain-of-function mutation?
Enhanced protein function
What is the primary function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?
To attach amino acids to tRNA
What is the characteristic of the 3rd nucleotide in a codon?
It allows for loose binding with the tRNA anticodon
What is the function of the small ribosomal subunit?
To bring together mRNA, tRNA, and the first amino acid
What is the role of the large ribosomal subunit?
To catalyze peptide bond formation
What is the result of the redundancy of the genetic code?
Several codons can utilize the same tRNA
What is the final product of the three stages of translation?
A polypeptide
During translation initiation, what is the role of proteins called initiation factors?
To bring in the large subunit that completes the translation initiation complex
What is the energy source for peptide bond formation?
GTP
What is the function of the release factor during translation termination?
To add a water molecule instead of an amino acid
During translation elongation, what occurs in three steps?
Codon recognition, peptide bond formation, and translocation
What is the result of the interaction between the release factor and the ribosome during translation termination?
The dissociation of the ribosomal subunits and other components
What is the function of the small ribosomal subunit during translation initiation?
To bind to the mRNA and initiate translation
Understand the process of gene expression and protein synthesis, including transcription, translation, and the genetic code. Learn how mutations can affect the process and the consequences of these changes. Test your knowledge on the biology of gene expression!
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