Molecular Biology of Emergency Viruses Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What defines re-emerging infectious diseases?

  • Diseases that disappeared and are now returning as public health issues. (correct)
  • Infectious diseases that are only found in animals.
  • Diseases that have always been present with no changes.
  • Newly discovered diseases that have no historical record.

Which of the following is a characteristic of zoonotic diseases?

  • They can only be transmitted between humans.
  • They primarily affect domestic animals.
  • They are solely caused by waterborne pathogens.
  • They are transmitted from animals to humans. (correct)

What type of infectious diseases include HIV and HCV?

  • Foodborne diseases.
  • Bloodborne infections. (correct)
  • Respiratory infections.
  • Zoonotic infections.

What virus is specifically mentioned as a significant zoonotic infection?

<p>Influenza virus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term SARS-CoV-2 refers to which disease?

<p>COVID-19. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total time commitment for the course?

<p>20 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a prerequisite for the course?

<p>Advanced microbiology techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the final grade does the final exam contribute?

<p>50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of PCR in viral assays?

<p>To amplify specific DNA or RNA sequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area does the course specifically aim to provide knowledge about?

<p>Genetic mechanisms in emergence events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is not a molecular testing technique for virus detection?

<p>Tissue culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ECTS credit points does the course offer?

<p>3 ECTS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily assessed by ELISA?

<p>Viral protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key focus of the course?

<p>Molecular biology techniques in infectious diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the immune system during viral infections?

<p>To protect the host from pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In in vivo virus cultures, which model is primarily used?

<p>Animal models that are susceptible to the virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the overall grade is attributed to assignments?

<p>40% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of samples are primarily used in virus prevalence tracking?

<p>Blood and tissue samples (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which topic is specifically mentioned as part of the course objectives?

<p>Emerging infectious diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the immune system?

<p>Organs, cells, and molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During virus detection in cultures, what aspect is critical for assessment?

<p>The specificity of viral genome amplification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of congenital immunodeficiency?

<p>Genetic abnormality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes acquired immunodeficiency?

<p>A result of infections, nutritional deficiencies or treatments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers an infection according to the provided information?

<p>Pathogens entering the internal environment and multiplying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are NOT considered components of the immune system mentioned?

<p>Red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the activities of a pathogen interfere with normal body functions?

<p>Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pathogens evolve according to the provided information?

<p>By natural selection in parallel with their hosts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of immunodeficiency?

<p>Improved immune responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the difference between congenital and acquired immunodeficiency?

<p>Congenital is genetic while acquired arises from external factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is NOT primarily associated with immune responses?

<p>Neurotransmitters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an emerging infectious disease (EID)?

<p>H5N1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of IgM in the immune response?

<p>To serve as the first antibody produced during a primary immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response is characterized by a rapid increase in antibody levels upon a second exposure to an antigen?

<p>Anamnestic response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with reemerging infectious diseases (REIDs)?

<p>Mutation in their genome with new phenotypic properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues?

<p>Autoimmunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of emerging infectious diseases?

<p>Old pathogens becoming resistant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of H5N1 as mentioned?

<p>It affects multiple species including birds and humans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytokines in the immune system?

<p>To serve as signaling molecules between cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an immune response, which antibody is typically produced later than IgM?

<p>IgG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is classified as geographically and specifically localized?

<p>Ebola (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens is associated with a unique susceptible species?

<p>Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT fall under immune system disorders?

<p>Infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interleukins in the immune system?

<p>To mediate communication between immune cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is suggested to tackle emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and reemerging infectious diseases (REIDs)?

<p>Implement comprehensive surveillance and response strategies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease mentioned is an example of resistant infection regarding reemerging characteristics?

<p>Resistant Tuberculosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (REIDs)

Diseases that were once major health issues but have resurfaced as public health threats.

Zoonotic Infections

Diseases that spread from animals to humans.

Foodborne Infections

Diseases caused by consuming contaminated food or drinks.

Bloodborne Infections

Diseases transmitted through contact with infected blood.

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Evolution of Infectious Diseases

The process by which infectious agents evolve and change over time, potentially becoming more transmissible or virulent.

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Molecular Biology of Emergency Virus and Other Pathogens

This course explores the molecular biology of viruses and pathogens that cause outbreaks, focusing on the genetic mechanisms behind their emergence.

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Molecular Biology Techniques in Infectious Diseases

This course aims to provide students with a solid understanding of the molecular biology techniques used to study infectious diseases.

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Genetic Mechanisms of Disease Emergence

The course focuses on the genetic mechanisms behind the emergence of new infectious diseases. This includes analyzing processes like horizontal gene transfer.

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Factors of Emerging Infectious Diseases

This section of the course investigates the factors contributing to the emergence of new infectious diseases. It examines the reasons why certain pathogens become more prevalent.

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Basic Microbiology Concepts

The course emphasizes the importance of understanding basic microbiological principles, particularly concerning viruses, to comprehend infectious diseases.

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Prerequisites for the course

This course is designed for master's-level students with a background in immunology, virology, and vaccine development.

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Time Commitment for the Course

The course workload involves 16 hours of lectures and 4 hours of practical assignments or activities.

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Course Evaluation

The course is evaluated based on attendance and engagement, assignments, and a final exam.

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Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)

A disease that occurs in a specific geographic area and usually infects specific species.

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Causative Agent

A specific pathogen or microbe that causes a disease.

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Mutations in Genome

Resistant Tuberculosis and Resistant Malaria are examples of REIDs where the pathogens have mutated to withstand treatments.

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Susceptible Species

The ability of a pathogen to spread and cause illness in a specific host.

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Multiple Susceptible Species

A disease that infects multiple species, increasing the risk of transmission between species including humans.

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Unique Susceptible Species

A disease that affects one species primarily, like SARS affecting humans.

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Very Special Causative Agent

Examples include Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease), caused by unusual pathogens called prions.

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Virus Detection Methods

Virus detection methods used to determine the presence of viruses in a sample, including culture methods (growing viruses in vitro or in vivo) and molecular tests (PCR and Southern blot).

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Molecular Testing for Viruses

A process that uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify and detect specific regions of the genome, indicating the presence or absence of a particular virus.

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Virus Culture

A method of virus detection that involves growing the virus in a controlled environment, such as a cell culture or a living animal. This allows for the observation of viral growth and identification.

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Immune System

The primary component of the immune system responsible for protecting the body from disease. It is made up of organs, specialized cells, and molecules.

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Immunology

The study of the immune system, including the cells, organs, molecules, and processes involved in its functions. It focuses on how the immune system recognizes and responds to pathogens and other foreign substances.

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Immune System Organs

The specific organs that contribute to the immune system, including the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. These organs provide sites for immune cell development, maturation, and interaction.

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Immune Cells

The specialized cells that make up the immune system. These cells play key roles in recognizing, targeting, and destroying pathogens.

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Immune System Molecules

The diverse molecules involved in immune responses, including antibodies, cytokines, chemokines, and complement proteins. These molecules facilitate communication, activation, and destruction of pathogens.

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What are the main components of the immune system?

Antibodies, complement, cytokines, interleukins, and interferons are all important components of the immune system, working together to protect the body against disease.

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What is the IgM-IgG sequential response in the immune system?

The IgM antibody is the first to appear in response to an infection, followed by IgG, which provides long-term protection. This sequential response demonstrates the immune system's adaptability.

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What is an anamnestic response?

An anamnestic response is the body's faster and stronger immune response to a second exposure to the same pathogen. This is due to memory cells from the first exposure.

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What is antibody titer?

Antibody titer measures the amount of antibodies present in a blood sample. This can indicate if the individual was exposed to a specific pathogen and the strength of their immune response.

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How does the immune system respond to a virus?

The immune system's response to a virus involves both cellular and molecular mechanisms. This intricate interplay helps control the infection.

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What is an allergy?

An allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction to a normally harmless allergen. This can trigger a range of symptoms from mild discomfort to life-threatening anaphylaxis.

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What is autoimmunity?

Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. This can lead to a variety of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

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What are immunodeficiencies?

Immunodeficiencies occur when the immune system is weakened, making the body more susceptible to infections. HIV/AIDS is a well-known example.

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What is immunodeficiency?

The immune system is either missing components or they don't work properly.

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What is an infection?

It occurs when pathogens enter the body and multiply.

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What is a disease?

This is a disease caused by pathogen activity that disrupts normal body functions.

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What is congenital immunodeficiency?

This is a type of immunodeficiency that's present from birth due to genetic abnormalities.

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What is acquired immunodeficiency?

This is a type of immunodeficiency that develops later in life due to factors like infections, malnutrition, or treatments.

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How do pathogens evolve?

Pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and parasites evolve alongside their hosts, adapting and changing over time.

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Study Notes

Course Title and Description

  • Molecular Biology of Emergency Viruses and Other Pathogens
  • A Master's level course
  • 3 ECTS credits
  • 20 hours of total commitment (Lectures: 16 hours, Practice/Assignment: 4 hours)

Course Prerequisites

  • Principle immunology
  • Virology
  • Overview of vaccines
  • English reading and comprehension
  • Basic immunology
  • Virology
  • Vaccines
  • Emerging infectious diseases
  • Factors of emergence
  • Genetic mechanisms involved in emergence
  • Molecular biology techniques in infectious diseases
  • Basic microbiology (especially viruses)
  • Molecular biology in infectious diseases

Course Objectives

  • Understanding and knowledge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
  • Knowledge of WHAT IS A VIRUS
  • Understanding of immune response to virus
  • Understanding of viral evolution and infectious diseases

Course Content and Schedule

  • Brief introduction on Emerging and re-emerging disease
  • Zoonotic infection and diseases (e.g., influenza virus)
  • Foodborne infection and disease
  • Bloodborne infection and disease (e.g., HIV and HCV)
  • Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

Course Assessment

  • Attendance/Attitude: 10%
  • Assignments: 40%
  • Final exam: 50%

Important Terms

  • Emerging infectious disease (EID): A newly appearing disease in a population, or a previously known one rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range,
  • Re-emerging infectious disease (REID): A disease that was once a major concern, but has recently resurfaced as a significant public health problem.
  • Infectious diseases: Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi) often spread between people.
  • Zoonotic diseases: Infections spread from animals to humans.

Examples of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases (1981-2020)

  • A large number of viruses and diseases are listed.

Timeline of 21st Century Viral Outbreaks

  • A timeline visualization of various outbreaks and when they occurred. Several virus types are listed.

Questions

  • Could a disease be emerging and re-emerging? - Yes (examples given)
  • What is the significance of viruses?
  • What are biological characteristics of viruses?

What is a Virus?

  • Physical Characteristics: Genetic material (RNA or DNA), protein coat (capsid), and sometimes an envelope.
  • Biological Characteristics: Parasites, incapable of independent replication cycle, cellular or sub-cellular, and prions.

Virus Replication Stages

  • Attachment
  • Entry
  • Uncoating
  • Transcription
  • Virus component synthesis
  • Virus assembly
  • Release

How to characterize and study viruses?

  • Morphological assays (electron microscopy, visual identification)
  • Biochemical assays (gel electrophoresis, filtration, metabolic labeling)
  • Cell/virus interaction assays (hemagglutination, plaque assays, in vivo labeling)
  • Immunological assays (ELISA, Western blot, antibody neutralization)
  • Molecular assays (viral genome detection, sequencing, PCR)
  • Biochemical-density gradient separation for macromolecule separation

Virus Detection

  • Epidemiology: Tracking prevalence of virus in host populations.
  • Methods like: virus culture, molecular testing (PCR and Southern blot), ELISA, and testing for antibodies

The Immune Response to Viruses

  • The innate response (e.g., interferons) and the adaptive response (e.g., B cells, T cells, antibodies).
  • Types of immune response to viruses (e.g, IgM - IgG sequential response)
  • Graphs showcasing the responses over time following infection.

Immunological Disorders

  • Immune system disorders (e.g., allergies, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, immunodeficiencies)

Immune System (Organs, Cells, Molecules)

  • Organs: Lymphatic vessels, tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, bone marrow.
  • Cells: Macrophages, B cells, T cells (helper, cytotoxic), NK cells, granulocytes, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells.
  • Immunological molecules: Antibodies, complements, cytokines, interleukins, and interferons.

Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses

  • Different mechanisms viruses use to evade or suppress host immune responses (e.g., antigenic variation).

Evolution and Infectious Diseases

  • Factors influencing emergence or re-emergence of viral diseases (e.g., climate change, deforestation, human migration).

Outbreak Identification

  • Endemic
  • Sporadic
  • Epidemic
  • Pandemic

Drug Resistance

  • Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance spread (e.g., antibiotic consumption, self-medication)

Host factors and viral factors

  • A complex diagram illustrating the factors contributing to emergence or re-emergence of viral diseases. (including globalization or urbanization, fragile healthcare, travel and tourism, animal-to-human transfer, and several factors)

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Related Documents

Lesson 1_EID and REIDS_evolution_virus_4 h PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the molecular biology of emergency viruses and other pathogens. This quiz covers key concepts from viral evolution, immune responses, and the emergence of infectious diseases. Ideal for Master's students with a background in immunology and virology.

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