Molecular Biology of Emergency Viruses Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What defines re-emerging infectious diseases?

  • Diseases that disappeared and are now returning as public health issues. (correct)
  • Infectious diseases that are only found in animals.
  • Diseases that have always been present with no changes.
  • Newly discovered diseases that have no historical record.

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of zoonotic diseases?

  • They can only be transmitted between humans.
  • They primarily affect domestic animals.
  • They are solely caused by waterborne pathogens.
  • They are transmitted from animals to humans. (correct)

    • What type of infectious diseases include HIV and HCV?

  • Foodborne diseases.
  • Bloodborne infections. (correct)
  • Respiratory infections.
  • Zoonotic infections.

    • What virus is specifically mentioned as a significant zoonotic infection?

    <p>Influenza virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term SARS-CoV-2 refers to which disease?

    <p>COVID-19.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total time commitment for the course?

    <p>20 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a prerequisite for the course?

    <p>Advanced microbiology techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the final grade does the final exam contribute?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of PCR in viral assays?

    <p>To amplify specific DNA or RNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area does the course specifically aim to provide knowledge about?

    <p>Genetic mechanisms in emergence events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is not a molecular testing technique for virus detection?

    <p>Tissue culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ECTS credit points does the course offer?

    <p>3 ECTS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily assessed by ELISA?

    <p>Viral protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key focus of the course?

    <p>Molecular biology techniques in infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the immune system during viral infections?

    <p>To protect the host from pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In in vivo virus cultures, which model is primarily used?

    <p>Animal models that are susceptible to the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the overall grade is attributed to assignments?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of samples are primarily used in virus prevalence tracking?

    <p>Blood and tissue samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topic is specifically mentioned as part of the course objectives?

    <p>Emerging infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of the immune system?

    <p>Organs, cells, and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During virus detection in cultures, what aspect is critical for assessment?

    <p>The specificity of viral genome amplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of congenital immunodeficiency?

    <p>Genetic abnormality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes acquired immunodeficiency?

    <p>A result of infections, nutritional deficiencies or treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers an infection according to the provided information?

    <p>Pathogens entering the internal environment and multiplying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are NOT considered components of the immune system mentioned?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the activities of a pathogen interfere with normal body functions?

    <p>Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pathogens evolve according to the provided information?

    <p>By natural selection in parallel with their hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of immunodeficiency?

    <p>Improved immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the difference between congenital and acquired immunodeficiency?

    <p>Congenital is genetic while acquired arises from external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is NOT primarily associated with immune responses?

    <p>Neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an emerging infectious disease (EID)?

    <p>H5N1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of IgM in the immune response?

    <p>To serve as the first antibody produced during a primary immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response is characterized by a rapid increase in antibody levels upon a second exposure to an antigen?

    <p>Anamnestic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with reemerging infectious diseases (REIDs)?

    <p>Mutation in their genome with new phenotypic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues?

    <p>Autoimmunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of emerging infectious diseases?

    <p>Old pathogens becoming resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of H5N1 as mentioned?

    <p>It affects multiple species including birds and humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytokines in the immune system?

    <p>To serve as signaling molecules between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an immune response, which antibody is typically produced later than IgM?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is classified as geographically and specifically localized?

    <p>Ebola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is associated with a unique susceptible species?

    <p>Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT fall under immune system disorders?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interleukins in the immune system?

    <p>To mediate communication between immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach is suggested to tackle emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and reemerging infectious diseases (REIDs)?

    <p>Implement comprehensive surveillance and response strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease mentioned is an example of resistant infection regarding reemerging characteristics?

    <p>Resistant Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Title and Description

    • Molecular Biology of Emergency Viruses and Other Pathogens
    • A Master's level course
    • 3 ECTS credits
    • 20 hours of total commitment (Lectures: 16 hours, Practice/Assignment: 4 hours)

    Course Prerequisites

    • Principle immunology
    • Virology
    • Overview of vaccines
    • English reading and comprehension
    • Basic immunology
    • Virology
    • Vaccines
    • Emerging infectious diseases
    • Factors of emergence
    • Genetic mechanisms involved in emergence
    • Molecular biology techniques in infectious diseases
    • Basic microbiology (especially viruses)
    • Molecular biology in infectious diseases

    Course Objectives

    • Understanding and knowledge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
    • Knowledge of WHAT IS A VIRUS
    • Understanding of immune response to virus
    • Understanding of viral evolution and infectious diseases

    Course Content and Schedule

    • Brief introduction on Emerging and re-emerging disease
    • Zoonotic infection and diseases (e.g., influenza virus)
    • Foodborne infection and disease
    • Bloodborne infection and disease (e.g., HIV and HCV)
    • Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

    Course Assessment

    • Attendance/Attitude: 10%
    • Assignments: 40%
    • Final exam: 50%

    Important Terms

    • Emerging infectious disease (EID): A newly appearing disease in a population, or a previously known one rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range,
    • Re-emerging infectious disease (REID): A disease that was once a major concern, but has recently resurfaced as a significant public health problem.
    • Infectious diseases: Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi) often spread between people.
    • Zoonotic diseases: Infections spread from animals to humans.

    Examples of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases (1981-2020)

    • A large number of viruses and diseases are listed.

    Timeline of 21st Century Viral Outbreaks

    • A timeline visualization of various outbreaks and when they occurred. Several virus types are listed.

    Questions

    • Could a disease be emerging and re-emerging? - Yes (examples given)
    • What is the significance of viruses?
    • What are biological characteristics of viruses?

    What is a Virus?

    • Physical Characteristics: Genetic material (RNA or DNA), protein coat (capsid), and sometimes an envelope.
    • Biological Characteristics: Parasites, incapable of independent replication cycle, cellular or sub-cellular, and prions.

    Virus Replication Stages

    • Attachment
    • Entry
    • Uncoating
    • Transcription
    • Virus component synthesis
    • Virus assembly
    • Release

    How to characterize and study viruses?

    • Morphological assays (electron microscopy, visual identification)
    • Biochemical assays (gel electrophoresis, filtration, metabolic labeling)
    • Cell/virus interaction assays (hemagglutination, plaque assays, in vivo labeling)
    • Immunological assays (ELISA, Western blot, antibody neutralization)
    • Molecular assays (viral genome detection, sequencing, PCR)
    • Biochemical-density gradient separation for macromolecule separation

    Virus Detection

    • Epidemiology: Tracking prevalence of virus in host populations.
    • Methods like: virus culture, molecular testing (PCR and Southern blot), ELISA, and testing for antibodies

    The Immune Response to Viruses

    • The innate response (e.g., interferons) and the adaptive response (e.g., B cells, T cells, antibodies).
    • Types of immune response to viruses (e.g, IgM - IgG sequential response)
    • Graphs showcasing the responses over time following infection.

    Immunological Disorders

    • Immune system disorders (e.g., allergies, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, immunodeficiencies)

    Immune System (Organs, Cells, Molecules)

    • Organs: Lymphatic vessels, tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, bone marrow.
    • Cells: Macrophages, B cells, T cells (helper, cytotoxic), NK cells, granulocytes, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells.
    • Immunological molecules: Antibodies, complements, cytokines, interleukins, and interferons.

    Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses

    • Different mechanisms viruses use to evade or suppress host immune responses (e.g., antigenic variation).

    Evolution and Infectious Diseases

    • Factors influencing emergence or re-emergence of viral diseases (e.g., climate change, deforestation, human migration).

    Outbreak Identification

    • Endemic
    • Sporadic
    • Epidemic
    • Pandemic

    Drug Resistance

    • Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance spread (e.g., antibiotic consumption, self-medication)

    Host factors and viral factors

    • A complex diagram illustrating the factors contributing to emergence or re-emergence of viral diseases. (including globalization or urbanization, fragile healthcare, travel and tourism, animal-to-human transfer, and several factors)

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    Related Documents

    Lesson 1_EID and REIDS_evolution_virus_4 h PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the molecular biology of emergency viruses and other pathogens. This quiz covers key concepts from viral evolution, immune responses, and the emergence of infectious diseases. Ideal for Master's students with a background in immunology and virology.

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