Molecular Biology: Hormone Regulation and Signal Transduction
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Enkephalins and Endorphins?

  • Releasing growth hormone
  • Regulating development and survival of neurons
  • Stimulating cell proliferation
  • Decreasing pain responses (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of peptide hormone?

  • Insulin
  • Nerve Growth Factor (correct)
  • Glucagon
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone

    • What is the role of Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) in the body?

  • Acting as a neurotransmitter
  • Regulating development and survival of neurons
  • Stimulating cell proliferation
  • Released during blood clotting at the site of a wound (correct)

    • What is the primary function of G proteins in the body?

    <p>Linking cell surface receptors to intracellular responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a polypeptide growth factor?

    <p>Epidermal Growth Factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)?

    <p>Regulating development and survival of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of membrane-anchored growth factors?

    <p>To function as signaling molecules in direct cell-cell interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of signaling pathways in cell-cell signaling?

    <p>Transcription factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of hormone binding on the thyroid hormone receptor?

    <p>It activates transcription of target genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do G protein-coupled receptors transmit signals?

    <p>Via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nitric oxide in the nervous, immune, and circulatory systems?

    <p>To stimulate the synthesis of cyclic GMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of ligand binding to a receptor?

    <p>Initiation of a chain of intracellular reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic structure of G protein-coupled receptors?

    <p>Seven membrane-spanning α helices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target of nitric oxide in the signaling pathway?

    <p>Guanylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokines in cell-cell signaling?

    <p>To regulate development and differentiation of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neurotransmitters transmit signals between cells?

    <p>By binding to cell surface receptors and opening ligand-gated ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cyclic GMP on smooth muscle cells?

    <p>It induces muscle cell relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of neurotransmitters that allows them to signal between cells?

    <p>Hydrophilic and cannot cross plasma membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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