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Molecular Biology: Hormone Regulation and Signal Transduction

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Molecular Biology: Hormone Regulation and Signal Transduction

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Enkephalins and Endorphins?

Releasing growth hormone

Regulating development and survival of neurons

Stimulating cell proliferation

Decreasing pain responses (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a type of peptide hormone?

Insulin

Nerve Growth Factor (correct)

Glucagon

Follicle-stimulating hormone

What is the role of Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) in the body?

Acting as a neurotransmitter

Regulating development and survival of neurons

Stimulating cell proliferation

Released during blood clotting at the site of a wound (correct)

What is the primary function of G proteins in the body?

Linking cell surface receptors to intracellular responses (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polypeptide growth factor?

Epidermal Growth Factor (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)?

Regulating development and survival of neurons (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of membrane-anchored growth factors?

To function as signaling molecules in direct cell-cell interactions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of signaling pathways in cell-cell signaling?

Transcription factors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hormone binding on the thyroid hormone receptor?

It activates transcription of target genes (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do G protein-coupled receptors transmit signals?

Via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nitric oxide in the nervous, immune, and circulatory systems?

To stimulate the synthesis of cyclic GMP (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of ligand binding to a receptor?

Initiation of a chain of intracellular reactions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic structure of G protein-coupled receptors?

Seven membrane-spanning α helices (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main target of nitric oxide in the signaling pathway?

Guanylyl cyclase (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytokines in cell-cell signaling?

To regulate development and differentiation of blood cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do neurotransmitters transmit signals between cells?

By binding to cell surface receptors and opening ligand-gated ion channels (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cyclic GMP on smooth muscle cells?

It induces muscle cell relaxation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of neurotransmitters that allows them to signal between cells?

Hydrophilic and cannot cross plasma membranes (B) Signup and view all the answers