18 Questions
What is the primary function of Enkephalins and Endorphins?
Decreasing pain responses
Which of the following is NOT a type of peptide hormone?
Nerve Growth Factor
What is the role of Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) in the body?
Released during blood clotting at the site of a wound
What is the primary function of G proteins in the body?
Linking cell surface receptors to intracellular responses
Which of the following is an example of a polypeptide growth factor?
Epidermal Growth Factor
What is the function of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)?
Regulating development and survival of neurons
What is the primary function of membrane-anchored growth factors?
To function as signaling molecules in direct cell-cell interactions
What is the primary target of signaling pathways in cell-cell signaling?
Transcription factors
What is the primary effect of hormone binding on the thyroid hormone receptor?
It activates transcription of target genes
How do G protein-coupled receptors transmit signals?
Via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins)
What is the primary function of nitric oxide in the nervous, immune, and circulatory systems?
To stimulate the synthesis of cyclic GMP
What is the consequence of ligand binding to a receptor?
Initiation of a chain of intracellular reactions
What is the characteristic structure of G protein-coupled receptors?
Seven membrane-spanning α helices
What is the main target of nitric oxide in the signaling pathway?
Guanylyl cyclase
What is the primary function of cytokines in cell-cell signaling?
To regulate development and differentiation of blood cells
How do neurotransmitters transmit signals between cells?
By binding to cell surface receptors and opening ligand-gated ion channels
What is the effect of cyclic GMP on smooth muscle cells?
It induces muscle cell relaxation
What is the characteristic of neurotransmitters that allows them to signal between cells?
Hydrophilic and cannot cross plasma membranes
Understand the mechanisms of gene regulation by thyroid hormone receptors and the role of nitric oxide in paracrine signaling. Learn how hormone binding affects transcription and how small molecules transmit signals between cells.
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