Molecular Biology: Hormone Regulation and Signal Transduction
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Enkephalins and Endorphins?

  • Releasing growth hormone
  • Regulating development and survival of neurons
  • Stimulating cell proliferation
  • Decreasing pain responses (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a type of peptide hormone?

  • Insulin
  • Nerve Growth Factor (correct)
  • Glucagon
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone

What is the role of Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) in the body?

  • Acting as a neurotransmitter
  • Regulating development and survival of neurons
  • Stimulating cell proliferation
  • Released during blood clotting at the site of a wound (correct)

What is the primary function of G proteins in the body?

<p>Linking cell surface receptors to intracellular responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polypeptide growth factor?

<p>Epidermal Growth Factor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)?

<p>Regulating development and survival of neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of membrane-anchored growth factors?

<p>To function as signaling molecules in direct cell-cell interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of signaling pathways in cell-cell signaling?

<p>Transcription factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hormone binding on the thyroid hormone receptor?

<p>It activates transcription of target genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do G protein-coupled receptors transmit signals?

<p>Via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nitric oxide in the nervous, immune, and circulatory systems?

<p>To stimulate the synthesis of cyclic GMP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of ligand binding to a receptor?

<p>Initiation of a chain of intracellular reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic structure of G protein-coupled receptors?

<p>Seven membrane-spanning α helices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main target of nitric oxide in the signaling pathway?

<p>Guanylyl cyclase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytokines in cell-cell signaling?

<p>To regulate development and differentiation of blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do neurotransmitters transmit signals between cells?

<p>By binding to cell surface receptors and opening ligand-gated ion channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cyclic GMP on smooth muscle cells?

<p>It induces muscle cell relaxation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of neurotransmitters that allows them to signal between cells?

<p>Hydrophilic and cannot cross plasma membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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