Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following accurately describes the flow of genetic information as stated by the Central Dogma?
Which of the following accurately describes the flow of genetic information as stated by the Central Dogma?
- DNA → Protein → RNA
- Protein → RNA → DNA
- DNA → RNA → Protein (correct)
- RNA → DNA → Protein
Identify the cellular location where protein synthesis takes place.
Identify the cellular location where protein synthesis takes place.
- Ribosome (correct)
- Nucleus
- Centrioles
- Mitochondria
What type of molecule is a codon?
What type of molecule is a codon?
- rRNA that codes for an amino acid
- mRNA that codes for an amino acid (correct)
- mRNA or tRNA that codes for an amino acid
- tRNA that codes for an amino acid
Which statement is NOT a characteristic of the genetic code?
Which statement is NOT a characteristic of the genetic code?
With which biosynthesis genes did Charles Yanofsky work to help decipher the genetic code?
With which biosynthesis genes did Charles Yanofsky work to help decipher the genetic code?
Given the DNA sequence 5' ATGCCTGAATCAGCTTTA 3', derived from an exon and including a gene's start, how many amino acids does it encode?
Given the DNA sequence 5' ATGCCTGAATCAGCTTTA 3', derived from an exon and including a gene's start, how many amino acids does it encode?
In an in vitro translation experiment, what is the maximum number of different amino acids that could be encoded by the synthetic mRNA sequence 5' UGCUGCUGC 3'?
In an in vitro translation experiment, what is the maximum number of different amino acids that could be encoded by the synthetic mRNA sequence 5' UGCUGCUGC 3'?
What is the composition of the universal genetic code regarding start and stop codons?
What is the composition of the universal genetic code regarding start and stop codons?
What does establishing the reading frame during translation depend on?
What does establishing the reading frame during translation depend on?
What term is used to describe the codons that do not encode amino acids, as determined by Sydney Brenner?
What term is used to describe the codons that do not encode amino acids, as determined by Sydney Brenner?
Nonsense codons perform what function during translation?
Nonsense codons perform what function during translation?
Which of the following is NOT a step in transcription?
Which of the following is NOT a step in transcription?
What types of sequences are removed during the maturation of a eukaryotic mRNA?
What types of sequences are removed during the maturation of a eukaryotic mRNA?
Which sequences remain in mature eukaryotic mRNA?
Which sequences remain in mature eukaryotic mRNA?
Why are retroviruses unique among viruses?
Why are retroviruses unique among viruses?
What complex removes introns?
What complex removes introns?
RNA molecules that catalyze specific biochemical reactions are called:
RNA molecules that catalyze specific biochemical reactions are called:
What Latin term describes experiments performed outside of a living cell?
What Latin term describes experiments performed outside of a living cell?
What Latin term describes experiments performed inside a living cell?
What Latin term describes experiments performed inside a living cell?
In eukaryotic cells, where do transcription and translation occur?
In eukaryotic cells, where do transcription and translation occur?
Choose the statement that accurately compares the stability of DNA and RNA under typical cellular conditions.
Choose the statement that accurately compares the stability of DNA and RNA under typical cellular conditions.
During the processing of eukaryotic transcripts into mRNA, what modifications are typically added to the transcript?
During the processing of eukaryotic transcripts into mRNA, what modifications are typically added to the transcript?
What site does RNA polymerase bind to before beginning transcription?
What site does RNA polymerase bind to before beginning transcription?
Flashcards
Central Dogma
Central Dogma
The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Protein.
Ribosome
Ribosome
The site within a cell where protein synthesis occurs.
Codon
Codon
A three-base sequence of mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
Exon
Exon
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Nonsense Codons
Nonsense Codons
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Introns
Introns
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Ribozymes
Ribozymes
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In vivo
In vivo
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In vitro
In vitro
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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5' Cap
5' Cap
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Poly-A Tail
Poly-A Tail
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
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Peptidyl Transferase
Peptidyl Transferase
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Anticodon
Anticodon
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Silent Mutation
Silent Mutation
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Frameshift Mutation
Frameshift Mutation
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Nonsense Mutation
Nonsense Mutation
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Null Mutations
Null Mutations
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Start Codon
Start Codon
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Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
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Zymogens
Zymogens
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Wobble base
Wobble base
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Histones
Histones
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Study Notes
- The central dogma describes genetic information flow as DNA → RNA → Protein.
- The ribosome is the site of protein synthesis.
- A codon is a three-base mRNA sequence that codes for an amino acid.
- The statement that does NOT describe a characteristic of the genetic code is that the number of codons and amino acids is the same.
- Charles Yanofsky helped decipher the genetic code while working with tryptophan biosynthesis genes in Escherichia coli.
- The DNA sequence 5' ATGCCTGAATCAGCTTTA 3' encodes 6 amino acids.
- With the synthetic mRNA sequence 5' UGCUGCUGC 3', 3 different amino acids could be encoded in vitro.
- The universal genetic code includes 1 start codon and 3 stop codons.
- A ribosome begins translating mRNA at the initiation codon, establishing the reading frame.
- Sydney Brenner determined that three nonsense codons do not encode amino acids.
- Nonsense codons are codons that do not code for an amino acid.
- Translation is NOT a step in transcription.
- During eukaryotic mRNA maturation, introns are spliced out.
- Exons are sequences found in mature eukaryotic mRNAs.
- Retroviruses, including HIV, are unique because they use reverse transcription.
- A spliceosome is a complex of proteins and small nuclear RNAs that form discrete particles to remove introns.
- Ribozymes are RNA molecules that act as enzymes to catalyze specific biochemical reactions.
- Experiments done outside a living cell are described by the Latin term in vitro.
- Experiments done inside a living cell are described by the Latin term in vivo.
- In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.
- In prokaryotic cells, transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm.
- Double-stranded DNA in the nucleus is more stable than single-stranded RNA in the cytoplasm under typical cellular conditions.
- During eukaryotic transcript processing into mRNA, a methylated guanine cap and a poly-A tail are usually added.
- RNA polymerase binds to a promoter before beginning transcription.
- A prokaryotic large ribosomal subunit is composed of rRNA and protein.
- Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is the enzyme that adds the appropriate amino acid to an uncharged tRNA.
- Peptidyl transferase forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids at the ribosome.
- An anticodon is a physical component of a tRNA molecule.
- Transcription and translation are coupled in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes.
- A silent mutation is characterized by a DNA base-pair sequence change that does not alter the resulting protein's amino acid sequence.
- A missense mutation changes a codon sequence, changing the amino acid placed in the polypeptide chain.
- A nonsense mutation changes an original amino acid codon into a stop codon.
- A frameshift mutation occurs when a base is inserted or deleted from a gene's DNA base-pair sequence, completely altering the subsequent codon sequence.
- Drugs like AZT, ddC, or ddI combat the AIDS virus by acting as nitrogenous bases and blocking viral reverse transcriptase.
- A nonsense suppressor tRNA is a mutant tRNA that recognizes a nonsense codon, inserting an amino acid where protein synthesis would have ended.
- The AUG codon, coding for methionine or formylmethionine, is the start codon used by nearly all organisms.
- Null mutations completely abolish the function of a wild-type allele.
- Mutations that result in less protein production or less efficient protein function than the wild type are hypomorphic mutations.
- A neomorphic mutation could result in an allele whose product is expressed at the normal time and place, but produces a novel protein giving rise to a new phenotype.
- A single base pair substitution resulting in a novel phenotype might be due to a change in the amino acid sequence, the amount of protein, a non translated RNA gene, the developmental time or location.
- If a mutation creates a dominant negative allele of a gene that encodes a trimeric protein, and one or more subunits has the mutant structure rendering the whole inactive, then in a heterozygous cell with equal amounts of both allele proteins, 12.5% of the trimers will be active.
- A neomorphic mutation in the Antennapedia gene (Antp) of Drosophila causes legs to grow where antennae should be.
- Zymogens are precursor proteins of proteases, secreted in inactive form and activated later by proteolytic cleavage outside of secretory cells.
- A 5' cap is required for the initiation of eukaryotic translation.
- The DNA sequence 5' ATGGGGGACACC 3' transforms to 5' ATGGGTGACACC 3' does not change the encoded amino acids due to a silent mutation.
- A transforming DNA sequence 5' ATGGGGGACACC 3' to 5' ATGGGGAACACC 3', which encodes the amino acids Met Gly Asn Thr. is an example of a missense mutation.
- A mutant allele that results in a truncated signaling protein that can still bind its receptor but inhibits wild-type signaling proteins is considered an antimorphic allele.
- A mutation that changes valine to glutamic acid in RAF kinase proteins, resulting in a constitutively active kinase, is a hypermorphic allele.
- A null allele results when a large deletion removes the promoter and first three exons of a gene, so no mRNA or coding sequence is shown.
- A missense mutation that increases enzyme activity is most likely dominant to the wild-type allele.
- An anticodon of sequence 5' GUA 3' will recognize the codon sequence 5' UAC 3'.
- A tRNA with the anticodon sequence 5'IUA 3' will not normally exist because I is not a base present in tRNAs.
- Sequence 5' GAU 3' and 5' GAC 3' both specify aspartic acid, however a tRNA with IUC will not normally exist.
- When the anticodon of a tRNA and the codon of an mRNA interact, the two sequences are antiparallel.
- Transcription of different tRNA genes in the genome produces the different tRNAs.
- The 5' base of the anticodon is the wobble base of a tRNA.
- Proteins that bind to the enhancers of eukaryotic genes can stabilize the interaction between the promoter and basal factors.
- In eukaryotes, the promoter region recognition by RNA polymerase requires the clearing of histones; coactivator proteins.
- In prokaryotes, mutations affecting the ribosome binding site would most likely lower the affinity of mRNA for the small ribosomal subunit.
- In eukaryotes, a mutation in a splice-donor site of a gene would likely disruptThe reading frame.
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