Molecular Biology Fundamentals

• Nucleic acids are responsible for storing genetic information
• mRNA's primary function is to carry genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
• Amino acids are not a component of a nucleotide. Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogenous base
• Hydrogen bonds hold the two strands of DNA together
• RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA from a DNA template
• tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis
• Adenine pairs with Thymine in DNA
• RNA is the end product of transcription
• Carbohydrates provide the primary source of energy for cells
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins
• The start codon (AUG) codes for methionine and initiates translation
• Frameshift mutations most likely affect a protein's function
• The 5' cap and poly-A tail protect mRNA from degradation and assist in translation
• Introns are removed during RNA splicing, and exons are joined together
• Chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of newly synthesized proteins
• Mitochondria produce ATP in eukaryotic cells
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for protein synthesis and lipid metabolism
• Chloroplasts are unique to plant cells
• Lysosomes are responsible for the digestion of cellular waste
• The cell membrane regulates material exchange
• The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion
• Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles
• The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape and facilitates movement
• Rough ER has ribosomes, while smooth ER does not
• The nucleolus synthesizes ribosomes
• Proteins are embedded in a fluid lipid bilayer, according to the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
• The sodium-potassium pump maintains the cell's osmotic balance and electrical gradient
• Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells
• DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle
• Meiosis results in four genetically unique haploid cells
• Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes with the same genes but different alleles
• Crossing over during meiosis increases genetic diversity
• Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder
• A homozygous dominant individual has the genotype AA
• There is a 25% probability of two heterozygous parents (Aa) having a child with a recessive trait (aa)
• DNA ligase acts as a glue that joins Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand
• Vacuoles are small or absent in animal cells
• Actin is responsible for undulations on cilia and flagella
• Prokaryotic ribosomes are regarded as 70S ribosomes
• Spindle fibers begin to shorten during anaphase in mitosis
• Biomolecules are mainly obtained from living organisms
• Synapsis takes place during zygotene in prophase 1 of meiosis
• Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria
• An allele is the alternate form of a gene that occurs in an identical locus
• William Bateson coined the word Genetics in 1906
• Endocytosis is an active transport process

Heredity

• Accounts for the unity and diversity of life

• DNA Polymerase III is responsible for sealing Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

• The fist step in DNA translation is activation of tRNA

• Rudolph Virchow proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells

• The tendency of organisms to vary from their parents is called variation

• William Bateson first coined the term genetics in 1906

• DNA's double helix structure is made of a phosphate group as the backbone

• Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells, while mitosis occurs in somatic cells

• Two monomers bonding together through the loss of water is called hydrolysis

• Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and pentose sugar but not DNA

• Chlorenchyma is not an organ in plants

• It is not true about trisomy 21 that it is caused by having 3 pairs of chromosomes

• Mitochondria has the key function of producing ATP

• The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane

• The 5' cap on eukaryotic mRNA facilitates ribosome binding, serves as a recognition site, and protects mRNA from degradation

• The cell vacuole is enclosed by a membrane called tonoplast

• The lysosome is derived from the Golgi body

• Gametes are haploid before sexual reproduction

• Nitrogen and E. coli were used when Meselson and Stahl conducted experiments regarding DNA

• Amino acids are a monomer of proteins

• The site of ATP production in eukaryotic cells is the Mitochondrion

• The S phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA replication

• If DNA contains 40% cytosine, the expected percentage of adenine in the sample is 10%

• The process of transferring genetic information from DNA to mRNA is known as transcription

• Sucrose is not a monosaccharide monomer

• The correct protein squence is: Methionine - Proline - Phenylalanine - Serine – Glycine

• An amino acid's R-group determines it's properties

• It is false to state that lysosomal enzymes are synthesized by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum Synthesizing ribosomal RNA for protein production is not a function of the Golgi apparatus

• Is is incorrect to state that homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase II of meiosis

• There are two processes involved in the M-phase, namely karyokinesis and cytokinesis

• A key importance of meiosis is that it produces haploid cells for reproduction

• Another benefit of meiosis is that it increases genetic variation

• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

• During imprinting in genetic inheritance, one parental allele is silenced, affecting gene expression

• Methionine is the amino acid that the start codon AUG signifies

• Introns in eukaryotic genes facilitate the splicing of exons

• The Nucleus is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes

• Lipids are not hydrophilic

• Cells spend about 90% of their life cycle in Interphase

• James Watson and Francis Crick determined the three-dimensional structure of DNA in 1953

• Chargaff's rule= Adenine=Thymine and Guanine= Cytosine

• DNA gyrase is another word for Topoisomerase

• Helicase unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

• Criminology is not an application of genetics

• The words "Eu" & "Kary" meaning when combined to create Eukarytoic means True & nucleus

• Lipids are a type of macromolecule that is a non-polymer

• To remove mismatched nucleotide, DNA polymerase III acts as an exonuclease

• Evidence shows that mitochondria evolved from primitive bacteria

• Robert Brown discovered the nucleus (1831)

• “Chondros” means Granules

• Disensed is The strand that doesn't get transcribed in DNA

• The first enzyme that activates DNA replication is Helocase

• Mitochondria range in size from 0.5 to 1 micrometer

• Segregation, during gamete formation, states the alleles separate for each gene so that each gamete carries only one allele

• In the inner membrane of mitochondria, the respiratory chain & ATP synthesis are housed

• Proteins consist of the following carboxylic acid group except Hydrogen

• The meselson-stahl experiment used Escherichia coli for testing

• Aerobic mitochondria is a type of mitochondria

• The muscle is not among the level of organization of life

• Robert Hooke coined the word cell in 1665

• The Mitochondria is the power House of the cell

• Inability to reproduce is NOT a characteristic of living organisms

• A theory is based on repeated testing, while a hypothesis is an initial assumption- This is the primary difference between a hypothesis and a theory

• The accuracy and reliability of research is verified through the peer review process

• Drawing general conclusions based on particular observations best describes inductive reasoning

• The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher in a controlled experiment

• The primary difference between reductionism and systems biology is that Reductionism studies individual parts, while systems biology examines interactions between them

• Oxygen is NOT a biomolecule

• DNA → RNA → Protein is the central dogma of molecular biology

• Hydrogen bonds holds complementary DNA bases together

• Transcription occurs in the Nucleus; while translation occurs in the cytoplasm

• Missense mutation changes one amino acid in a protein sequence

• tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation

• The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell

• Ribosomes are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

• The plasma membrane primarily functions to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell

• Large ancient bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells are the theory surrounding how Mitochondria originated

• The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins

• The cytoskeleton is composed of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

• Mitosis produces identical cells, while meiosis produces genetically different cells

• Alleles separate during gamete formation- This is Mendel's principle of segregation

• Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and convert it to chemical energy for the plant, enabling photosynthesis

• Glucose serves as the primary energy product of The Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis

• ATP is produced during the light reaction in the thylakoid membranes

• In the Calvin Cycle, carbon fixation is essential for synthesizing carbohydrates

• Mitochondrial DNA is circular and contains approximately 16,500 base pairs