Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following classifications is NOT based on the structure of the side chain of an amino acid?
Which of the following classifications is NOT based on the structure of the side chain of an amino acid?
- Aromatic ring
- Polarity at neutral pH (correct)
- Aliphatic chain
- Cyclic ring
An amino acid with a thiol group (-SH) in its structure would be classified as containing which?
An amino acid with a thiol group (-SH) in its structure would be classified as containing which?
- An amino group
- A thiol group (correct)
- A cyclic chain
- A hydroxyl group
What distinguishes L-amino acids from D-amino acids?
What distinguishes L-amino acids from D-amino acids?
- The polarity of the side chain
- The location of the carboxyl group
- The location of the amino group on the spatial arrangement of the chiral carbon (correct)
- The presence of an aromatic ring
Which type of amino acid is NOT found in proteins?
Which type of amino acid is NOT found in proteins?
Which amino acid classification is based on the carbon atom where the amino group is located?
Which amino acid classification is based on the carbon atom where the amino group is located?
If an amino acid is described as having an ‘aliphatic side chain’, which of the following side chains is NOT present?
If an amino acid is described as having an ‘aliphatic side chain’, which of the following side chains is NOT present?
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the pool of free protein amino acids?
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the pool of free protein amino acids?
Which amino acid is classified as both naturally occurring and a protein component but without chirality?
Which amino acid is classified as both naturally occurring and a protein component but without chirality?
Which chapter from 'Essential Cell Biology' primarily focuses on the structure and function of proteins?
Which chapter from 'Essential Cell Biology' primarily focuses on the structure and function of proteins?
What is NOT a characteristic feature of metaphase chromosomes?
What is NOT a characteristic feature of metaphase chromosomes?
What is the role of the kinetochore within the centromere?
What is the role of the kinetochore within the centromere?
What is the primary function of the centromere?
What is the primary function of the centromere?
Which of the following describes the 'p arm' of a metaphase chromosome?
Which of the following describes the 'p arm' of a metaphase chromosome?
Which chapter from 'Essential Cell Biology' will likely cover the topic of cellular energy generation in chloroplasts?
Which chapter from 'Essential Cell Biology' will likely cover the topic of cellular energy generation in chloroplasts?
Which component of the metaphase chromosome is NOT described as a structural component in this material?
Which component of the metaphase chromosome is NOT described as a structural component in this material?
What is the trabant structure of a chromosome often also referred to as?
What is the trabant structure of a chromosome often also referred to as?
What is the primary function of the kinetochore?
What is the primary function of the kinetochore?
A chromosome with the centromere located very close to its end is classified as:
A chromosome with the centromere located very close to its end is classified as:
Which of these choices is NOT a function of a telomere?
Which of these choices is NOT a function of a telomere?
Which component is used to distinguish autosomes from allosomes (heterosomes) within a karyotype?
Which component is used to distinguish autosomes from allosomes (heterosomes) within a karyotype?
What is the purpose of a karyogram?
What is the purpose of a karyogram?
According to the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the correct order for the flow of genetic information?
According to the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the correct order for the flow of genetic information?
The process of creating a single-stranded RNA molecule using DNA as a template is called:
The process of creating a single-stranded RNA molecule using DNA as a template is called:
What does 'translation' refer to in the context of the central dogma?
What does 'translation' refer to in the context of the central dogma?
How many nucleotides make up one codon?
How many nucleotides make up one codon?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT a described feature of the genetic code?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT a described feature of the genetic code?
What does it mean when the genetic code is described as 'degenerate'?
What does it mean when the genetic code is described as 'degenerate'?
What does the term 'commaless' mean in describing the nature of the genetic code?
What does the term 'commaless' mean in describing the nature of the genetic code?
What is the significance of 'polarity' in the context of the genetic code?
What is the significance of 'polarity' in the context of the genetic code?
What functional groups are present in any amino acid?
What functional groups are present in any amino acid?
What is the 'amphoteric' nature of amino acids?
What is the 'amphoteric' nature of amino acids?
Which of the following best describes the function of non-protein amino acids?
Which of the following best describes the function of non-protein amino acids?
What defines an essential amino acid?
What defines an essential amino acid?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the peptide bond?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the peptide bond?
In peptide nomenclature, how is the sequence of amino acids typically written?
In peptide nomenclature, how is the sequence of amino acids typically written?
Which term describes a peptide containing 10 amino acid residues?
Which term describes a peptide containing 10 amino acid residues?
Which of the following is NOT a function of peptides in the human body?
Which of the following is NOT a function of peptides in the human body?
Which of the following protein categories is determined by its shape and solubility profile?
Which of the following protein categories is determined by its shape and solubility profile?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Which type of bond is crucial for stabilizing the alpha-helix structure?
Which type of bond is crucial for stabilizing the alpha-helix structure?
Which is a characteristic of a beta-pleated sheet structure?
Which is a characteristic of a beta-pleated sheet structure?
What is characteristic of the tertiary structure of a protein?
What is characteristic of the tertiary structure of a protein?
Which of the following describes a protein domain?
Which of the following describes a protein domain?
What defines the quaternary structure of a protein?
What defines the quaternary structure of a protein?
How do coenzymes and prosthetic groups differ?
How do coenzymes and prosthetic groups differ?
What determines the electrical charge of a protein?
What determines the electrical charge of a protein?
Within a metaphase chromosome, what structural feature is responsible for the precise segregation of sister chromatids during cell division?
Within a metaphase chromosome, what structural feature is responsible for the precise segregation of sister chromatids during cell division?
If a metaphase chromosome's centromere is located such that the p arm and q arm are of nearly equal length, how would it be classified?
If a metaphase chromosome's centromere is located such that the p arm and q arm are of nearly equal length, how would it be classified?
Which of the following best describes the arrangement of the structural components within a chromosome?
Which of the following best describes the arrangement of the structural components within a chromosome?
How does the position of the centromere influence the banding pattern of a metaphase chromosome?
How does the position of the centromere influence the banding pattern of a metaphase chromosome?
If a cell lacked the ability to form kinetochores, what aspect of cell division would be most directly impacted?
If a cell lacked the ability to form kinetochores, what aspect of cell division would be most directly impacted?
A researcher is analyzing a karyogram and observes a chromosome with a satellite structure. Where would the researcher expect to find this feature in relation to other structures?
A researcher is analyzing a karyogram and observes a chromosome with a satellite structure. Where would the researcher expect to find this feature in relation to other structures?
Which of the following best describes how the structural components of the metaphase chromosome function during karyokinesis?
Which of the following best describes how the structural components of the metaphase chromosome function during karyokinesis?
How do the concepts described in the central dogma relate to the structural features of metaphase chromosomes?
How do the concepts described in the central dogma relate to the structural features of metaphase chromosomes?
An amino acid with a side chain that does not exhibit a charge at neutral pH, but contains a ring structure, would be classified as which of the following?
An amino acid with a side chain that does not exhibit a charge at neutral pH, but contains a ring structure, would be classified as which of the following?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between α-amino acids and β-amino acids?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between α-amino acids and β-amino acids?
Considering the classification of amino acids based on their origin, which of the following is a correct pairing of an example with its category?
Considering the classification of amino acids based on their origin, which of the following is a correct pairing of an example with its category?
An amino acid capable of participating in the synthesis of lipids, transmission of nerve signals, and hormonal signal transduction, is classified as what?
An amino acid capable of participating in the synthesis of lipids, transmission of nerve signals, and hormonal signal transduction, is classified as what?
How do L-amino acids and D-amino acids differ, and what is a critical structural condition for their existence?
How do L-amino acids and D-amino acids differ, and what is a critical structural condition for their existence?
In what way does the presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) influence the classification of an amino acid?
In what way does the presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) influence the classification of an amino acid?
Which characteristic accurately describes the classification of amino acids with a straight aliphatic side chain at neutral pH?
Which characteristic accurately describes the classification of amino acids with a straight aliphatic side chain at neutral pH?
When considering the classification of amino acids based on their structural roles in living organisms, which accurately reflects the categories?
When considering the classification of amino acids based on their structural roles in living organisms, which accurately reflects the categories?
Which of the following best describes the arrangement of chromosomes in a karyogram?
Which of the following best describes the arrangement of chromosomes in a karyogram?
In the context of the central dogma of molecular biology, which process involves creating a DNA copy from an RNA template?
In the context of the central dogma of molecular biology, which process involves creating a DNA copy from an RNA template?
Which characteristic of the genetic code allows for multiple codons to specify the same amino acid?
Which characteristic of the genetic code allows for multiple codons to specify the same amino acid?
If a chromosome has a centromere located near its end, resulting in one long 'q' arm and one short 'p' arm, it is classified as:
If a chromosome has a centromere located near its end, resulting in one long 'q' arm and one short 'p' arm, it is classified as:
Which of the following describes the term 'commaless' as it relates to the genetic code?
Which of the following describes the term 'commaless' as it relates to the genetic code?
Which structure is NOT directly involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division?
Which structure is NOT directly involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division?
What is the primary role of the D-loop and T-loop structures found in telomeres?
What is the primary role of the D-loop and T-loop structures found in telomeres?
How does the triplet nature of the genetic code relate to the number of possible codons?
How does the triplet nature of the genetic code relate to the number of possible codons?
Which of the following does NOT accurately characterises an amino acid?
Which of the following does NOT accurately characterises an amino acid?
What is the significance of the term ‘universality’ of the genetic code?
What is the significance of the term ‘universality’ of the genetic code?
Which characteristic distinguishes a telocentric chromosome from other chromosome types?
Which characteristic distinguishes a telocentric chromosome from other chromosome types?
In the context of genetic information flow, what is the key difference between transcription and translation?
In the context of genetic information flow, what is the key difference between transcription and translation?
In a submetacentric chromosome, what is the consequence of the centromere being located near the center?
In a submetacentric chromosome, what is the consequence of the centromere being located near the center?
How do the terms 'autosomes' and 'allosomes' classify chromosomes in a karyotype?
How do the terms 'autosomes' and 'allosomes' classify chromosomes in a karyotype?
What does it mean for an amino acid to have an ‘amphoteric’ nature?
What does it mean for an amino acid to have an ‘amphoteric’ nature?
Which of the following non-protein amino acids functions as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system?
Which of the following non-protein amino acids functions as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system?
Relatively exogenous amino acids can be synthesized in the body provided that there is an adequate amount of which in the diet?
Relatively exogenous amino acids can be synthesized in the body provided that there is an adequate amount of which in the diet?
Which enzymatic process is primarily responsible for the formation of a peptide bond?
Which enzymatic process is primarily responsible for the formation of a peptide bond?
What is the approximate length of the C-N bond within a peptide bond?
What is the approximate length of the C-N bond within a peptide bond?
According to convention, in what order is the peptide sequence typically cited/written?
According to convention, in what order is the peptide sequence typically cited/written?
Which structural description best fits a polypeptide?
Which structural description best fits a polypeptide?
Which of the following is NOT a described function of biologically significant peptides mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a described function of biologically significant peptides mentioned in the text?
Which amino acids, through modification, increase the number of amino acids found in proteins to 23?
Which amino acids, through modification, increase the number of amino acids found in proteins to 23?
Which of the following is a characteristic of fibrous proteins?
Which of the following is a characteristic of fibrous proteins?
How would you describe the bonds that dictate and stabilize the secondary structure of a protein?
How would you describe the bonds that dictate and stabilize the secondary structure of a protein?
In a beta-sheet, what is the key distinction between a parallel and an anti-parallel configuration?
In a beta-sheet, what is the key distinction between a parallel and an anti-parallel configuration?
Which type of interaction is NOT typically involved in stabilizing the tertiary structure of proteins?
Which type of interaction is NOT typically involved in stabilizing the tertiary structure of proteins?
What is a key characteristic of a structural domain within a protein?
What is a key characteristic of a structural domain within a protein?
Which of the following best describes holoproteins?
Which of the following best describes holoproteins?
What is the significance of the isoelectric point (pI) of a protein?
What is the significance of the isoelectric point (pI) of a protein?
Flashcards
Centromere
Centromere
A constricted region on a chromosome where sister chromatids are attached.
Telomeres
Telomeres
The ends of a chromosome that protect the DNA from degradation.
Banding pattern
Banding pattern
The specific arrangement of light and dark bands along a chromosome, visible under a microscope.
Sister chromatids
Sister chromatids
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kinetochore
Kinetochore
Signup and view all the flashcards
Short arm (p)
Short arm (p)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Long arm (q)
Long arm (q)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Secondary constriction
Secondary constriction
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is glycine?
What is glycine?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How are amino acids classified based on their side chains?
How are amino acids classified based on their side chains?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How are amino acids classified by their polarity?
How are amino acids classified by their polarity?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the location of the amino group in alpha-amino acids?
What is the location of the amino group in alpha-amino acids?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How are alpha-amino acids classified based on their spatial arrangement?
How are alpha-amino acids classified based on their spatial arrangement?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How else are amino acids classified based on their origin and role?
How else are amino acids classified based on their origin and role?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the roles of protein amino acids?
What are the roles of protein amino acids?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the functions of free protein amino acids?
What are the functions of free protein amino acids?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Essential Amino Acids
Essential Amino Acids
Signup and view all the flashcards
Non-Essential Amino Acids
Non-Essential Amino Acids
Signup and view all the flashcards
Relatively Exogenous Amino Acids
Relatively Exogenous Amino Acids
Signup and view all the flashcards
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ornithine
Ornithine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Citrulline
Citrulline
Signup and view all the flashcards
Peptide Bond
Peptide Bond
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oligopeptides
Oligopeptides
Signup and view all the flashcards
Polypeptides
Polypeptides
Signup and view all the flashcards
Primary Structure
Primary Structure
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quaternary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Signup and view all the flashcards
Coenzyme
Coenzyme
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prosthetic Group
Prosthetic Group
Signup and view all the flashcards
Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phosphoproteins
Phosphoproteins
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a kinetochore?
What is a kinetochore?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a centromere?
What is a centromere?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What determines a chromosome's shape?
What determines a chromosome's shape?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a metacentric chromosome?
What is a metacentric chromosome?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a submetacentric chromosome?
What is a submetacentric chromosome?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is an acrocentric chromosome?
What is an acrocentric chromosome?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a telocentric chromosome?
What is a telocentric chromosome?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are telomeres?
What are telomeres?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a karyotype?
What is a karyotype?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a karyogram?
What is a karyogram?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are autosomes?
What are autosomes?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is transcription in the central dogma?
What is transcription in the central dogma?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is translation in the central dogma?
What is translation in the central dogma?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a codon?
What is a codon?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the genetic code?
What is the genetic code?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the banding pattern?
What is the banding pattern?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are sister chromatids?
What are sister chromatids?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is a chromosome's shape determined?
How is a chromosome's shape determined?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What determines the shape of a chromosome?
What determines the shape of a chromosome?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is transcription?
What is transcription?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is translation?
What is translation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are non-protein amino acids?
What are non-protein amino acids?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is GABA?
What is GABA?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are ornithine and citrulline?
What are ornithine and citrulline?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a peptide bond?
What is a peptide bond?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are oligopeptides?
What are oligopeptides?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are polypeptides?
What are polypeptides?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary structure of a protein?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a coenzyme?
What is a coenzyme?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a prosthetic group?
What is a prosthetic group?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are glycoproteins?
What are glycoproteins?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are phosphoproteins?
What are phosphoproteins?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are lipoproteins?
What are lipoproteins?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
From Gene to Protein Overview
- The lecture is titled "From gene to protein".
- It's part of a molecular biology course for 2024/2025.
- The lecturer is Dr. Michelle Kuzma.
- The material is adapted from Dr. Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach.
Housekeeping Book Chapters
- The lecture material is based on chapters from "Essential Cell Biology" by Bruce Alberts, 6th Edition.
- The chapters are available on the eduportal.
- Lecture 1 covers plant and animal cell structure, organelles, metabolism, and macromolecules (chapters 1, 2, 13, and 14).
- Lecture 2 focuses on cell membrane structure/function, transmembrane transport, and organelle degradation (chapters 11 and 12).
- Lecture 3 addresses cell signaling (chapter 16).
- Lecture 4 deals with the cell cycle (chapter 18).
- Lecture 5 covers the central dogma: transcription and translation (chapters 2, 4, and 7).
- Lecture 6 looks at genetic material (chapter 5).
The Metaphase Chromosome
- Chromosomes have characteristic species-specific features, including the number, shape, and organization in each cell.
- Morphological features of the metaphase chromosome include length, centromere position, arm length (p arm and q arm), and banding patterns.
- A metaphase chromosome comprises two sister chromatids, a primary constriction (centromere), telomeres, secondary constrictions (if any), and possibly a trabant or satellite.
Centromere
- The centromere is the central, constricted region of a chromosome.
- It contains centromeric DNA and histone proteins.
- It's the point where sister chromatids attach.
- The centromere divides the chromatids into arms (p and q arms).
- It contains two kinetochores that play a role in karyokinesis (cell division).
Kinetochore
- A kinetochore is a protein structure on each side of the centromere.
- Its layered plate shape enables attachment of spindle fibers (microtubules) from the mitotic spindle.
- This attachment is key to chromosome movement during metaphase and anaphase.
Types of Chromosomes
- There are four major types of chromosomes, classified by centromere position:
- Metacentric: Centromere is positioned exactly in the middle, resulting in equal-length chromosome arms.
- Submetacentric: The centromere is placed slightly off-center, giving unequal, but not drastically different, chromosome arm lengths.
- Acrocentric: Centromere is very near the end of the chromosome, producing a long q arm and a short p arm.
- Telocentric: The centromere is at the very end of the chromosome, leaving only one long arm (q arm).
Telomeres
- Telomeres are DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes.
- They have a protective protein complex, forming D-loops and T-loops.
- Telomeres don't contain genes or encode proteins.
- Their function is to protect the chromosome from damage during cell division.
Karyotype
- A karyotype is the complete set of chromosomes in a somatic cell of a given species.
- It is characteristic for all individuals of the same species, same sexual designation (sex), and in good health.
- Karyotypes are used to identify chromosomal aberrations.
- The karyotype distinguishes between autosomes (similar chromosomes in both sexes) and allosomes (heterosomes: sex chromosomes).
Karyogram
- A karyogram is an organized display of chromosomes.
- Chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs. (homologous pairs consist of one chromosome inherited from the mother and the other from the father)
- The arrangement is ordered by chromosome size and centromere position.
- Strings or colors distinguish homologs and are useful for analysis.
- The human karyotype depicts 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).
Central Dogma
- The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information.
- Coined by Francis Crick in 1957, it states that information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
- Once information is coded into a protein, it can no longer be retrieved from protein.
- Key processes include DNA replication (copying DNA), transcription (copying DNA to RNA), translation (converting RNA into protein), and reverse transcription (producing DNA from RNA).
Genetic Code
- The genetic code is a set of rules that dictates how genetic information codes for amino acid order in proteins, recorded in DNA
- The code is based on three-nucleotide sequences called codons (4 possibilities for each of 3 codons = 64 possible codons).
- Characteristics include triplet nature (3 nucleotides = 1 amino acid), non-ambiguity (each codon corresponds to only one amino acid), degeneracy (multiple codons can code for the same amino acid), non-overlapping (reading codons sequentially), and universality (codons are generally the same across organisms).
Amino Acids
- Amino acids are organic compounds with an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH).
- Each amino acid has a unique side chain (R group).
- Amino acids have both acidic and basic properties (amphoteric).
- They can be classified by various properties of the side chain including straight, branched, ring, and heterocyclic chain structures.
- They can also be classified as polar or nonpolar (hydrophobic) which can affect solubility and interactions of proteins.
- The positioning of the amino group relative to the carbon atom defining the central carbon distinguishes the different classes including α, β, and γ amino acids.
- Distinguishing classes can be made by examining the structure of the side chain of the amino acid.
- Some amino acids are essential (humans can't produce them), while others are non-essential.
Peptides
- Peptides are formed by linking amino acids via peptide bonds.
- A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
- The formation/breakdown of peptide bonds is enzymatic.
- Peptide nomenclature typically begins with the first amino acid's amino group and lists subsequent amino acids, ending with the carboxyl group of the final amino acid.
- A peptide's amino acid sequence is directional and written using three-letter abbreviations (e.g., Gly, Ala, Tyr).
- Oligopeptides have up to 10 amino acids, polypeptides have 11 to 100, and proteins have more than 100 amino acids.
- Peptides have various biological functions, including roles in neurotransmission, hormone transport, immune response, etc.
Proteins
- Proteins are made of one or more polypeptide chains.
- They exhibit diverse structures and functions.
- Proteins are formed from sequences of 20 (or 23 with modifications) amino acids.
- Proteins can be classified by origin, biological functions are a key source for classifying proteins, and their shapes and solubilities which distinguish between globular (soluble) and fibrous (insoluble) proteins.
Protein Structure
- Protein structure involves a hierarchical arrangement:
- Primary: The linear sequence of amino acids.
- Secondary: Localized folding patterns (α-helices, β-sheets, loops, turns).
- Tertiary: Overall three-dimensional structure of the polypeptide chain.
- Quaternary: The association of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits).
- Proteins have specific functions that are inextricably linked to their structures.
- Many proteins consist of multiple subunits, each with its own structure, often grouped in modules called domains.
Protein Complexes & Cofactors
- Proteins can interact with other molecules and structures, including other non-proteins (cofactors).
- Cofactors are molecules that assist with enzyme activity and are either organic (coenzymes) or inorganic (metal ions).
- Protein complexes involve multiple polypeptide chains in a specific spatial arrangement often covalently bound with oligosaccharides, lipids, or metals.
- Protein complexes include examples like glycoproteins, lipoproteins, metalloproteins, and nucleoproteins.
Enzymatic Proteins
- Enzymatic proteins catalyze specific chemical reactions.
- They often require cofactors (coenzymes or prosthetic groups) to function correctly.
- Proteins without cofactors are apoenzymes; proteins with cofactors are holoenzymes.
Amphoteric Properties of Proteins
- Proteins have an electric charge determined by the number and position of acid and base groups in the side chain and the pH of the surrounding environment
- At a specific pH (isoelectric point), the protein's net charge is zero (no net movement in electric field).
Protein Solubility
- Most proteins are soluble in water due to their hydration.
- The dipoles of water molecules interact favorably with the polar groups of the protein (both amino and carboxyl groups) and the side chains of amino acids, thus effectively coating the protein.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of molecular biology in the lecture titled 'From Gene to Protein'. This course, led by Dr. Michelle Kuzma for 2024/2025, delves into the processes that transform genetic information into functional proteins, using materials adapted from Dr. Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach.
