Molecular Biology Chapter Quiz

The process where a single primary RNA transcript can be processed to produce different mature mRNA transcripts, leading to various proteins.

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins involved in the splicing of pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA.

A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code corresponding to a specific amino acid.

The universal language of genetics that dictates how sequences of nitrogenous bases relate to proteins in all living organisms.

The specific codon AUG, which signifies the beginning of protein synthesis.

An enzyme that synthesizes DNA using RNA as a template to repair telomeres.

A complex made of RNA and protein, crucial for many cellular processes.

An RNA sequence that pairs with DNA sequences, like TTAGGG.

Telomerase from outside the organism, often tested for therapeutic effects.

A technique to amplify specific DNA sequences in vitro.

A modification of PCR that allows for the amplification of RNA templates.

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template within the nucleus.

Changes made to RNA after transcription before it exits to the cytoplasm.

The idea that the third base of a codon can vary while the first two bases are the same, allowing redundancy in amino acid coding.

The process of converting mRNA into proteins, occurring in the cytoplasm in eukaryotes with the help of ribosomes and tRNA.

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet; there are 9 essential amino acids.

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body; there are 11 non-essential amino acids.

RNA species that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis and has anticodons that pair with mRNA codons.

Genes controlled by a single regulatory sequence that can produce polycistronic mRNA.

A long strand of mRNA that contains codes for multiple genes.

The metabolic process of building up molecules, such as proteins.

A repressible operon involved in the synthesis of tryptophan, an amino acid.

The metabolic process of breaking down molecules to release energy.

An inducible operon that facilitates the breakdown of lactose when present.

A protein that binds to DNA and inhibits transcription when active.

Transfer RNA that carries amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

A three-base sequence on tRNA that matches the mRNA codon.

RNA component of ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis.

Three binding sites in ribosomes: E (exit), P (peptidyl), A (arrival).

Enzymes that charge tRNA with the correct amino acid.

The three stages of translation: initiation, elongation, termination.

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Localized folding of the amino acid chain, like alpha helices and beta sheets.

The 3D shape of a protein, determined by long-range interactions between amino acids.

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein.

A mechanism where DNA checks and corrects errors during synthesis.

Enzymes that fix incorrectly paired nucleotides after DNA replication.

A repair process that removes and replaces damaged DNA segments.

A type of chromosomal mutation where part of a chromosome is missing.

A chromosomal mutation where extra DNA is added to a chromosome.

A mutation where a segment of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches backwards.

DNA sequences that can move and insert themselves into different locations in the genome.

A mutation that alters the reading frame of a gene due to insertions or deletions.