Molecular Biology Basics

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Questions and Answers

During DNA replication, which enzyme is primarily responsible for adding new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

  • DNA polymerase (correct)
  • RNA polymerase
  • DNA ligase
  • Helicase

Which of the following is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

  • DNA contains thymine, while RNA contains uracil. (correct)
  • DNA is single-stranded, while RNA is double-stranded.
  • DNA is found in the cytoplasm, while RNA is found in the nucleus.
  • DNA contains ribose, while RNA contains deoxyribose.

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

  • To carry genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome
  • To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds
  • To bring amino acids to the ribosome (correct)
  • To form the structural components of the ribosome

Which of the following best describes the sequence of events in the central dogma of molecular biology?

<p>DNA → RNA → Protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mutation that results in a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein is known as a:

<p>Missense mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the promoter region in transcription?

<p>It is where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During RNA processing in eukaryotes, what is the purpose of splicing?

<p>To remove introns and join exons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids?

<p>Primary structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A frameshift mutation is most likely to result from:

<p>The insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gene regulation, what is the role of transcription factors?

<p>They bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate transcription (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Hereditary material containing genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction; composed of nucleotides.

Gene

A specific sequence of DNA that codes for a functional product, usually a protein or functional RNA molecule (tRNA, rRNA).

Central Dogma

The flow of genetic information within a biological system: DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein.

Transcription

Synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, occurring in the nucleus in eukaryotes, catalyzed by RNA polymerase.

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Translation

Synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence that can occur spontaneously or be caused by mutagens.

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mRNA

Messenger RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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tRNA

Transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

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rRNA

Ribosomal RNA is a component of ribosomes.

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Gene Expression

The process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product (protein or RNA).

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