6 Questions
¿Cuál es la función principal de la transcripción en la expresión génica?
Converter ADN en ARN
¿Qué tipo de enlace se forma entre las bases nitrogenadas en la doble hélice del ADN?
Enlace de hidrógeno
¿Cuál es el nivel de estructura proteica que se refiere a la secuencia de aminoácidos en una proteína?
Estructura primaria
¿Qué tipo de enlace estabiliza la estructura secundaria de una proteína?
Enlace de hidrógeno
¿Qué es el dogma central en la expresión génica?
ADN → ARN → Proteína
¿Cuál es el propósito de las vías catabólicas en el metabolismo?
Generar energía a partir de la degradación de moléculas
Study Notes
Molecular Biology
DNA Structure
- Double helix model: two complementary strands of nucleotides twisted together
- Nucleotides: sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T)
- Hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases: A-T and G-C
Gene Expression
- Central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein
- Transcription: DNA → RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
- Translation: mRNA → Protein (amino acid sequence)
Protein Structure
Primary Structure
- Sequence of amino acids in a protein
- 20 standard amino acids, varying in side chain (R group)
Secondary Structure
- Local 3D arrangement of amino acids: α-helix, β-pleated sheet, β-turn, and random coil
- Hydrogen bonding and disulfide bonds stabilize secondary structure
Tertiary Structure
- Overall 3D shape of a protein
- Interactions between side chains and backbone: hydrophobic, ionic, and disulfide bonds
Quaternary Structure
- Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein
- Interactions between subunits: hydrophobic, ionic, and disulfide bonds
Metabolic Pathways
Catabolic Pathways
- Breakdown of molecules to generate energy (ATP)
- Examples: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation
Anabolic Pathways
- Synthesis of molecules to build biomolecules
- Examples: gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, protein synthesis
Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
- Feedback inhibition: end product inhibits enzyme activity
- Allosteric control: binding of regulator molecule changes enzyme activity
- Hormonal regulation: hormones stimulate or inhibit enzyme activity
Test your understanding of DNA structure, gene expression, protein structure, and metabolic pathways. Review the central dogma, amino acid sequences, and enzyme regulation.
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