Molecular Biology Basics

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Questions and Answers

¿Cuál es la función principal de la transcripción en la expresión génica?

  • Traducir el mRNA en proteínas
  • Converter ADN en ARN (correct)
  • Reparar errores en la secuencia de ADN
  • Sintetizar aminoácidos

¿Qué tipo de enlace se forma entre las bases nitrogenadas en la doble hélice del ADN?

  • Enlace peptídico
  • Enlace disulfuro
  • Enlace de hidrógeno (correct)
  • Enlace hidrofóbico

¿Cuál es el nivel de estructura proteica que se refiere a la secuencia de aminoácidos en una proteína?

  • Estructura primaria (correct)
  • Estructura terciaria
  • Estructura secundaria
  • Estructura cuaternaria

¿Qué tipo de enlace estabiliza la estructura secundaria de una proteína?

<p>Enlace de hidrógeno (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué es el dogma central en la expresión génica?

<p>ADN → ARN → Proteína (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el propósito de las vías catabólicas en el metabolismo?

<p>Generar energía a partir de la degradación de moléculas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Molecular Biology

DNA Structure

  • Double helix model: two complementary strands of nucleotides twisted together
  • Nucleotides: sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T)
  • Hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases: A-T and G-C

Gene Expression

  • Central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein
  • Transcription: DNA → RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
  • Translation: mRNA → Protein (amino acid sequence)

Protein Structure

Primary Structure

  • Sequence of amino acids in a protein
  • 20 standard amino acids, varying in side chain (R group)

Secondary Structure

  • Local 3D arrangement of amino acids: α-helix, β-pleated sheet, β-turn, and random coil
  • Hydrogen bonding and disulfide bonds stabilize secondary structure

Tertiary Structure

  • Overall 3D shape of a protein
  • Interactions between side chains and backbone: hydrophobic, ionic, and disulfide bonds

Quaternary Structure

  • Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein
  • Interactions between subunits: hydrophobic, ionic, and disulfide bonds

Metabolic Pathways

Catabolic Pathways

  • Breakdown of molecules to generate energy (ATP)
  • Examples: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation

Anabolic Pathways

  • Synthesis of molecules to build biomolecules
  • Examples: gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, protein synthesis

Regulation of Metabolic Pathways

  • Feedback inhibition: end product inhibits enzyme activity
  • Allosteric control: binding of regulator molecule changes enzyme activity
  • Hormonal regulation: hormones stimulate or inhibit enzyme activity

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