Molecular Biology Basics
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Questions and Answers

¿Cuál es la función principal de la transcripción en la expresión génica?

  • Traducir el mRNA en proteínas
  • Converter ADN en ARN (correct)
  • Reparar errores en la secuencia de ADN
  • Sintetizar aminoácidos

    • ¿Qué tipo de enlace se forma entre las bases nitrogenadas en la doble hélice del ADN?

  • Enlace peptídico
  • Enlace disulfuro
  • Enlace de hidrógeno (correct)
  • Enlace hidrofóbico

    • ¿Cuál es el nivel de estructura proteica que se refiere a la secuencia de aminoácidos en una proteína?

  • Estructura primaria (correct)
  • Estructura terciaria
  • Estructura secundaria
  • Estructura cuaternaria

    • ¿Qué tipo de enlace estabiliza la estructura secundaria de una proteína?

    <p>Enlace de hidrógeno</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué es el dogma central en la expresión génica?

    <p>ADN → ARN → Proteína</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es el propósito de las vías catabólicas en el metabolismo?

    <p>Generar energía a partir de la degradación de moléculas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecular Biology

    DNA Structure

    • Double helix model: two complementary strands of nucleotides twisted together
    • Nucleotides: sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T)
    • Hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases: A-T and G-C

    Gene Expression

    • Central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein
    • Transcription: DNA → RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
    • Translation: mRNA → Protein (amino acid sequence)

    Protein Structure

    Primary Structure

    • Sequence of amino acids in a protein
    • 20 standard amino acids, varying in side chain (R group)

    Secondary Structure

    • Local 3D arrangement of amino acids: α-helix, β-pleated sheet, β-turn, and random coil
    • Hydrogen bonding and disulfide bonds stabilize secondary structure

    Tertiary Structure

    • Overall 3D shape of a protein
    • Interactions between side chains and backbone: hydrophobic, ionic, and disulfide bonds

    Quaternary Structure

    • Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein
    • Interactions between subunits: hydrophobic, ionic, and disulfide bonds

    Metabolic Pathways

    Catabolic Pathways

    • Breakdown of molecules to generate energy (ATP)
    • Examples: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation

    Anabolic Pathways

    • Synthesis of molecules to build biomolecules
    • Examples: gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, protein synthesis

    Regulation of Metabolic Pathways

    • Feedback inhibition: end product inhibits enzyme activity
    • Allosteric control: binding of regulator molecule changes enzyme activity
    • Hormonal regulation: hormones stimulate or inhibit enzyme activity

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    Description

    Test your understanding of DNA structure, gene expression, protein structure, and metabolic pathways. Review the central dogma, amino acid sequences, and enzyme regulation.

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