BIO-31: Ch.8 part 1

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What is the role of mRNA in translation?

It forms the structure of the ribosome.
It transports amino acids to the ribosome.
It catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds.
It serves as the template for protein assembly. (correct)

What is a codon?

A group of three mRNA nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid. (correct)
A type of ribosome.
A protein that helps in translation.
A single nucleotide in mRNA.

Which of these codons serves as the start codon for translation?

UAG
AUG (correct)
UGA
UAA

What type of bond is formed between amino acids during translation?

Peptide bond (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of genes, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated?

Genetics (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains DNA that physically carries hereditary information?

Chromosomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are segments of DNA that encode functional products called?

Genes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a protein?

The genetic code (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic makeup of an organism called?

Genotype (A) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the expression of genes?

Phenotype (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosome do bacteria usually have?

Single circular chromosome (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the flow of genetic information from one generation to the next called?

Vertical gene transfer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond holds the two DNA strands together?

Hydrogen bond (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide found in DNA?

Uracil (A) Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme separates the two strands of DNA during replication?

Helicase (B) Signup and view all the answers

In what direction does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

5' → 3' (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the arrangement of the two DNA strands?

Antiparallel (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of DNA ligase?

To join Okazaki fragments (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme relaxes the DNA strands during replication?

Topoisomerase/Gyrase (B) Signup and view all the answers

What initiates DNA synthesis?

RNA primer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the short, newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication, called?

Okazaki fragments (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall structure of DNA?

Double helix (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork?

DNA Gyrase (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of bacterial DNA replication?

Bidirectional (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA ligase?

Joining DNA strands (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

Proofreading DNA (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is found in RNA but not in DNA?

Uracil (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme synthesizes DNA?

DNA Polymerase (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Forms an integral part of ribosomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of exonucleases?

To cut DNA from an exposed end (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA carries coded information from DNA to ribosomes?

mRNA (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme unwinds double-stranded DNA?

Helicase (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where does transcription begin in prokaryotes?

Promoter (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

Making RNA primers (A) Signup and view all the answers

In what direction does DNA polymerase synthesize DNA?

5' to 3' (B) Signup and view all the answers

In what direction does transcription proceed?

5' → 3' (D) Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme synthesizes mRNA during transcription?

RNA polymerase (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of photolyase?

Repairing UV-induced pyrimidine dimers (B) Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotes, where does transcription occur?

Nucleus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following provides the energy for DNA replication?

Hydrolysis of phosphate groups on Nucleotides (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are introns?

Regions of DNA that do not code for proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the error rate of DNA replication?

1 out of $10^9$ or $10^{10}$ bases (D) Signup and view all the answers

Genetics

The study of genes, including how they carry information, how that information is expressed, and how genes are replicated.

Chromosomes

Structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information; they contain genes.

Genes

Segments of DNA that encode functional products, usually proteins.

Genetic Code

A set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a protein.