Molecular Biology and Genetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which enzyme is used to join DNA fragments together in molecular cloning?

  • RNA polymerase
  • Helicase
  • Ligase (correct)
  • DNA polymerase

    • In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously due to the absence of which cellular component?

  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosomes
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Mitochondria

    • In a strain of E. coli with a mutation in the trp operon operator preventing repressor binding, will the operon be transcribed in the presence of tryptophan?

  • Yes (correct)
  • Depends on the RNA polymerase activity
  • Depends on the promoter region
  • No

    • Why is the lac operon off by default in E. coli?

    <p>Binding of repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are histone modifications used to alter gene transcription?

    <p>By influencing chromatin structure and accessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a general transcription factor in gene expression?

    <p>Recruitment of RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can alternative splicing never change the order of exons in an mRNA transcript?

    <p>Primary RNA transcript structure restricts exon order changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents an mRNA from existing in the cell forever and being translated continuously?

    <p>Degradation by nucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a microRNA stop translation of a specific mRNA without affecting all mRNAs in the cell?

    <p>By base-pairing with the target mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of eukaryotic cells regulating protein production via post-translational control?

    <p>Rapid response to environmental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine?

    <p>Presence of a double ring structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Kozak sequence in eukaryotic mRNA translation?

    <p>Initiation of translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription initiation?

    <p>It helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During mRNA synthesis, where does the energy come from to create bonds between nucleotides?

    <p>Phosphodiester bonds are formed using the energy from the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the 2’, 3’, and 5’ carbons of RNA (and/or DNA)?

    <p>They contribute to the stability of the RNA/DNA structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA and how are tRNAs 'charged'?

    <p>tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome; charging occurs through the attachment of amino acids by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process allows a primary RNA transcript to make multiple versions of a protein?

    <p>Alternative splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can increase or decrease transcription of a gene according to chromatin structure?

    <p>Histone modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are the noncoding portions of mature mRNAs (untranslated regions) considered part of exons?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding methylation of CpG islands in eukaryotes like humans?

    <p>Methylation can lead to gene silencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is alternative splicing another name for polycistronic transcripts?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are microRNAs produced by transcription?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuropeptide Y is not expressed in liver cells. What could be a possible reason for this?

    <p>Differential gene regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves separating DNA fragments based on their size and charge?

    <p>Gel electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does PCR synthesize DNA?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of a mutation in the operator of the trp operon in E. coli?

    <p>It can impact the transcription of the operon in the presence or absence of tryptophan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA ligase in molecular cloning?

    <p>It joins DNA fragments together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histone modifications in eukaryotes?

    <p>They alter gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mRNA in eukaryotes prevent continuous translation?

    <p>It is eventually degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microRNA in gene expression?

    <p>It can specifically stop translation of a target mRNA without affecting all mRNAs in the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eukaryotes regulate protein production?

    <p>Through transcriptional or post-translational control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of gel electrophoresis in molecular biology?

    <p>It separates DNA fragments based on size and charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 2’, 3’, and 5’ carbons in RNA and/or DNA?

    <p>2’ and 3’ carbons are involved in forming phosphodiester bonds, while the 5’ carbon is the site of attachment for phosphate groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it overkill to use four nucleotides per codon in the genetic code?

    <p>Using four nucleotides per codon would lead to redundancy and would not significantly increase the number of amino acids that can be coded for.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the eukaryotic cell do transcription, mRNA processing, and translation occur?

    <p>Transcription and mRNA processing occur in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzymatic activity of the enzyme used in PCR?

    <p>Polymerase activity to synthesize new DNA strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a primary RNA transcript can be used to make multiple versions of a protein called?

    <p>Splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can increase or decrease transcription of a gene according to chromatin structure?

    <p>Histone modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are the noncoding portions of mature mRNAs (untranslated regions) considered part of exons?

    <p>No, they are part of introns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding methylation of CpG islands in eukaryotes like humans?

    <p>Methylation can have context-dependent effects on gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is alternative splicing another name for polycistronic transcripts?

    <p>No, they are distinct processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are microRNAs produced by transcription?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuropeptide Y is not expressed in liver cells. What could be a possible reason for this?

    <p>Epigenetic regulation specific to liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structures that allow for vision in humans and are only found in retinal cells?

    <p>Cones and rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is used to join DNA fragments together in molecular cloning?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does PCR synthesize DNA?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can specifically stop translation of a target mRNA without affecting all mRNAs in the cell?

    <p>MicroRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process separates DNA fragments based on size and charge?

    <p>Gel electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of a mutation in the operator of the trp operon in E. coli?

    <p>It affects transcription of the operon in the presence of tryptophan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of histone modifications in eukaryotes?

    <p>Alter gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alternative splicing in mRNA transcripts?

    <p>It affects translation efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents continuous translation of mRNA in eukaryotes?

    <p>mRNA degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eukaryotes regulate protein production?

    <p>Both transcriptional and post-translational control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Inserting DNA from one species into another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of a mutation in the operator of the trp operon in E. coli in the presence of tryptophan?

    <p>It affects transcription of the operon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microRNA in gene expression?

    <p>Inhibiting translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription initiation?

    <p>It helps in the recognition of the promoter sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During mRNA synthesis, where does the energy come from to create bonds between nucleotides?

    <p>Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate from incoming nucleoside triphosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the 2’, 3’, and 5’ carbons of RNA (and/or DNA)?

    <p>They contribute to the stability of the RNA/DNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA and how are tRNAs 'charged'?

    <p>tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome; they are charged by the attachment of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents continuous translation of mRNA in eukaryotes?

    <p>Poly-A tail addition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can increase or decrease transcription of a gene according to chromatin structure?

    <p>Histone modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are the noncoding portions of mature mRNAs (untranslated regions) considered part of exons?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding methylation of CpG islands in eukaryotes like humans?

    <p>Methylation of CpG islands can lead to gene silencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is alternative splicing another name for polycistronic transcripts?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are microRNAs produced by transcription?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription initiation?

    <p>Recognizing the promoter sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of a mutation in the operator of the trp operon in E. coli in the presence of tryptophan?

    <p>The operon will be transcribed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is used in molecular cloning to join DNA fragments together?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does PCR synthesize DNA?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of a mutation in the operator of the trp operon in E. coli in the presence of tryptophan?

    <p>No impact on transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents continuous translation of mRNA in eukaryotes?

    <p>Degradation of mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histone modifications in eukaryotes?

    <p>Activate gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microRNA in gene expression?

    <p>Stop translation of specific mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows eukaryotes to regulate protein production through transcriptional or post-translational control?

    <p>Transcription factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process separates DNA fragments based on size and charge?

    <p>Gel electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Insert DNA from one species into another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of a mutation in the operator of the trp operon in E. coli?

    <p>No impact on transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alternative splicing in mRNA transcripts?

    <p>Generate multiple protein isoforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA ligase in molecular cloning?

    <p>Join DNA fragments together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecular Biology Questions Summary

    • Recombinant DNA involves inserting DNA from one species into another, such as human DNA into bacteria.
    • DNA ligase is used in molecular cloning to join DNA fragments together.
    • Eukaryotes must wait until transcription is complete before beginning translation, unlike prokaryotes where they occur simultaneously.
    • A mutation in the operator of the trp operon in E. coli can impact the transcription of the operon in the presence or absence of tryptophan.
    • Histone modifications alter gene transcription in eukaryotes.
    • Alternative splicing cannot change the order of exons in an mRNA transcript.
    • mRNA in eukaryotes can be translated many times, but it is eventually degraded, preventing continuous translation.
    • MicroRNA can specifically stop translation of a target mRNA without affecting all mRNAs in the cell.
    • Eukaryotes can regulate protein production through transcriptional or post-translational control, with different advantages and disadvantages.
    • PCR synthesizes DNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
    • Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size and charge.
    • Bacteria can replicate DNA containing human DNA due to the ability of bacteria to handle foreign DNA.

    Molecular Biology Questions Summary

    • Recombinant DNA involves inserting DNA from one species into another, such as human DNA into bacteria.
    • DNA ligase is used in molecular cloning to join DNA fragments together.
    • Eukaryotes must wait until transcription is complete before beginning translation, unlike prokaryotes where they occur simultaneously.
    • A mutation in the operator of the trp operon in E. coli can impact the transcription of the operon in the presence or absence of tryptophan.
    • Histone modifications alter gene transcription in eukaryotes.
    • Alternative splicing cannot change the order of exons in an mRNA transcript.
    • mRNA in eukaryotes can be translated many times, but it is eventually degraded, preventing continuous translation.
    • MicroRNA can specifically stop translation of a target mRNA without affecting all mRNAs in the cell.
    • Eukaryotes can regulate protein production through transcriptional or post-translational control, with different advantages and disadvantages.
    • PCR synthesizes DNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
    • Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size and charge.
    • Bacteria can replicate DNA containing human DNA due to the ability of bacteria to handle foreign DNA.

    Molecular Biology Questions Summary

    • Recombinant DNA involves inserting DNA from one species into another, such as human DNA into bacteria.
    • DNA ligase is used in molecular cloning to join DNA fragments together.
    • Eukaryotes must wait until transcription is complete before beginning translation, unlike prokaryotes where they occur simultaneously.
    • A mutation in the operator of the trp operon in E. coli can impact the transcription of the operon in the presence or absence of tryptophan.
    • Histone modifications alter gene transcription in eukaryotes.
    • Alternative splicing cannot change the order of exons in an mRNA transcript.
    • mRNA in eukaryotes can be translated many times, but it is eventually degraded, preventing continuous translation.
    • MicroRNA can specifically stop translation of a target mRNA without affecting all mRNAs in the cell.
    • Eukaryotes can regulate protein production through transcriptional or post-translational control, with different advantages and disadvantages.
    • PCR synthesizes DNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
    • Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size and charge.
    • Bacteria can replicate DNA containing human DNA due to the ability of bacteria to handle foreign DNA.

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