Molecular Basis of Inheritance Quiz

A DNA sequence that defines a region where a gene is transcribed into RNA.

The sequence within a transcription unit that signals the initiation of transcription.

The DNA sequence within a transcription unit that codes for the RNA molecule.

The DNA sequence that signals the termination of transcription.

The DNA strand that has the same sequence as the RNA transcript, except for thymine instead of uracil.

The DNA strand that serves as a template for RNA synthesis.

The direction in which RNA polymerase builds the RNA molecule (from 5' end to 3' end).

The region of a transcription unit located towards the start of the coding strand.

The process by which a harmless bacterial strain (R strain) is transformed into a virulent strain (S strain) by acquiring genetic material from a heat-killed virulent strain.

The genetic material that is transferred from a dead virulent S strain to a harmless R strain, causing the R strain to become virulent.

A protein that breaks down proteins into smaller units.

An enzyme that breaks down RNA into smaller units.

An enzyme that breaks down DNA into smaller units.

A virus that infects bacteria.

The process by which a bacteriophage injects its genetic material into a bacterium, causing the bacterium to produce more phages.

The experiment by Hershey and Chase, which used radioactive isotopes to prove that DNA is the genetic material, not protein. They experimented with bacteriophages to show that DNA from the phage was injected into the bacteria, not protein. This experiment provided the definitive proof that DNA is the genetic material.

The process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism, including both coding and non-coding regions.

Short DNA sequences representing expressed genes, used for identifying and studying genes that are actively transcribed.

Artificial chromosomes constructed in bacteria and yeast, used to clone large DNA fragments for sequencing.

The process of assigning functions to different regions of a sequenced genome.

Automated machines that determine the sequence of nucleotides in DNA fragments.

A method developed by Frederick Sanger for determining the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

The process of aligning overlapping DNA fragments to reconstruct the complete sequence of a genome.

Computer programs designed to align and assemble large DNA sequences.

The structural framework of DNA, composed of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.

The nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) that are attached to the sugar molecules in the DNA backbone.

The property of DNA where each strand's sequence of bases determines the sequence of the other strand.

The way in which two strands of DNA run in opposite directions, with one strand running 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.

The stable association of two nitrogenous bases in DNA through hydrogen bonds. Adenine always pairs with Thymine, and Guanine always pairs with Cytosine.

The process by which a new DNA strand is synthesized using an existing DNA strand as a template, resulting in two identical DNA molecules.

The double helix structure of DNA, famously discovered by Watson and Crick.

The regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes is primarily controlled at the level of transcription initiation. The rate at which RNA polymerase binds to a promoter is influenced by accessory proteins, which can either activate or repress transcription.

Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences called operators, influencing gene expression.

A specific sequence of DNA located near the promoter region that binds to repressor proteins, regulating gene expression.

A DNA segment containing one or more structural genes that are transcribed together, along with a promoter and regulatory elements, controlling gene expression for a related set of proteins.

A gene that codes for a protein that binds to the operator region and represses gene expression.

A protein that binds to a promoter and increases the rate of gene transcription.

The genetic unit responsible for controlling lactose metabolism in E. coli, including the regulatory gene (i), the promoter, the operator, and the structural genes (z, y, and a).

The complete set of genetic instructions in a human, consisting of DNA sequences on all 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Variations in a single nucleotide base within the DNA sequence of a population.

Stretches of DNA sequences that are repeated many times within the genome, sometimes hundreds or thousands of times.

Variations in the length or number of short repetitive DNA sequences, used for genetic mapping and identification.

A technique used to generate a unique DNA profile of an individual, based on variations in repetitive DNA sequences.

The complete nucleotide sequence of a single chromosome, representing a significant milestone in the Human Genome Project.

The total number of protein-coding genes in the human genome is significantly lower than previously estimated.