Molecular Basis of Inheritance Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What two components form the backbone of a polynucleotide chain?

  • Thymine and Guanine
  • Adenine and Cytosine
  • Sugar and Protein
  • Sugar and Phosphates (correct)

    • Uracil is found in RNA instead of thymine.

    True (A)

    Who proposed the Double Helix model of DNA?

    James Watson and Francis Crick

    DNA was first identified by _____ in 1869.

    <p>Friedrich Meischer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond pairs the bases in the two strands of DNA?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nitrogenous bases with their pair:

    <p>Adenine = Thymine Guanine = Cytosine Thymine = Adenine Cytosine = Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two strands of DNA have the same polarity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adenine forms _____ hydrogen bonds with Thymine.

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the promoter in a transcription unit?

    <p>It serves as a binding site for RNA polymerase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The template strand of DNA has the same sequence as the RNA transcribed from it, except for the presence of uracil instead of thymine.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strand acts as the template for RNA synthesis during transcription?

    <p>3' → 5' strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is located towards the downstream end of the coding strand and defines the end of transcription.

    <p>terminator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the enzyme beta-galactosidase in the lac operon?

    <p>To hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of a transcription unit with their descriptions:

    <p>Promoter = Binding site for RNA polymerase Template Strand = Strand that is transcribed to make RNA Coding Strand = Strand with the same sequence as RNA Terminator = Signals the end of transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the coding strand?

    <p>It has the same sequence as the transcribed RNA, except for thymine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lac operon contains two structural genes and one regulatory gene.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the positions of the promoter and terminator are switched, the identities of the coding and template strands are also reversed.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the first to elucidate the transcriptionally regulated system of the lac operon?

    <p>Francois Jacob and Jacque Monod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lac operon, the gene labeled 'i' is responsible for coding the ________ of the operon.

    <p>repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the direction of transcription during RNA synthesis.

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the lac operon with their functions:

    <p>Z gene = Codes for beta-galactosidase I gene = Codes for the repressor Y gene = Codes for permease A gene = Codes for transacetylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates the expression of the genes in the lac operon?

    <p>Environmental conditions and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The operator region in prokaryotic DNA facilitates the binding of activating proteins to the promoter.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a few examples of operons other than the lac operon.

    <p>trp operon, ara operon, his operon, val operon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated total number of genes in the human genome?

    <p>30,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Y chromosome contains the most genes among all human chromosomes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people?

    <p>99.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human genome contains approximately ______ million base pairs.

    <p>3164.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following chromosomes with the number of genes they contain:

    <p>Chromosome 1 = 2968 genes Chromosome Y = 231 genes Chromosome 2 = Estimated 3000 genes Chromosome 3 = Approximately similar to chromosome 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest known human gene?

    <p>dystrophin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Less than 2 percent of the human genome codes for proteins.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do SNPs stand for in the context of genetics?

    <p>Single nucleotide polymorphisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary uses of understanding DNA variations among individuals?

    <p>Revolutionizing diagnosis and treatment of disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria and yeast are commonly used as hosts in DNA cloning.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EST stand for in the context of gene expression?

    <p>Expressed Sequence Tags</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The method of sequencing developed by Frederick Sanger is primarily used for determining the sequence of _____ in proteins.

    <p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following non-human organisms with their common applications:

    <p>Bacteria = Genetic cloning Yeast = Fermentation processes Caenorhabditis elegans = Developmental biology studies Drosophila = Genetic research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to refer to the assignment of functions to different regions in a DNA sequence?

    <p>Sequence Annotation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA can be sequenced in very long pieces without technical limitations.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the names of the vectors used for bacterial and yeast cloning?

    <p>BAC and YAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was concluded from the transformation of R strain bacteria by heat-killed S strain bacteria?

    <p>DNA was the transforming principle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genetic material was already established as DNA before the experiments of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hershey and Chase use to differentiate between protein and DNA in their experiments?

    <p>Radioactive isotopes of phosphorus and sulfur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biochemical characterization of the transforming principle led to the conclusion that ______ is the hereditary material.

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the scientists with their contributions to the understanding of genetic material:

    <p>Griffith = Discovered transformation phenomenon Avery, MacLeod, McCarty = Identified DNA as the transforming principle Hershey and Chase = Confirmed DNA is the genetic material using bacteriophages Colin MacLeod = Collaborated on biochemical characterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of digesting the transforming substance with DNase?

    <p>Transformation was inhibited. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins and RNA did not affect the transformation of R cells into S cells.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of viruses did Hershey and Chase study in their experiments?

    <p>Bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Transcription Unit

    A DNA sequence that defines a region where a gene is transcribed into RNA.

    Promoter

    The sequence within a transcription unit that signals the initiation of transcription.

    Structural Gene

    The DNA sequence within a transcription unit that codes for the RNA molecule.

    Terminator

    The DNA sequence that signals the termination of transcription.

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    Coding Strand

    The DNA strand that has the same sequence as the RNA transcript, except for thymine instead of uracil.

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    Template Strand

    The DNA strand that serves as a template for RNA synthesis.

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    Direction of RNA Polymerase

    The direction in which RNA polymerase builds the RNA molecule (from 5' end to 3' end).

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    Upstream

    The region of a transcription unit located towards the start of the coding strand.

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    Transformation in bacteria

    The process by which a harmless bacterial strain (R strain) is transformed into a virulent strain (S strain) by acquiring genetic material from a heat-killed virulent strain.

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    Transforming principle

    The genetic material that is transferred from a dead virulent S strain to a harmless R strain, causing the R strain to become virulent.

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    Protease

    A protein that breaks down proteins into smaller units.

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    RNase

    An enzyme that breaks down RNA into smaller units.

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    DNase

    An enzyme that breaks down DNA into smaller units.

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    Bacteriophage

    A virus that infects bacteria.

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    Bacteriophage infection

    The process by which a bacteriophage injects its genetic material into a bacterium, causing the bacterium to produce more phages.

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    Hershey-Chase Experiment

    The experiment by Hershey and Chase, which used radioactive isotopes to prove that DNA is the genetic material, not protein. They experimented with bacteriophages to show that DNA from the phage was injected into the bacteria, not protein. This experiment provided the definitive proof that DNA is the genetic material.

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    Genome sequencing

    The process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism, including both coding and non-coding regions.

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    Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)

    Short DNA sequences representing expressed genes, used for identifying and studying genes that are actively transcribed.

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    Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) and Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)

    Artificial chromosomes constructed in bacteria and yeast, used to clone large DNA fragments for sequencing.

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    Sequence Annotation

    The process of assigning functions to different regions of a sequenced genome.

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    Automated DNA Sequencers

    Automated machines that determine the sequence of nucleotides in DNA fragments.

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    Sanger Sequencing

    A method developed by Frederick Sanger for determining the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

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    Sequence Assembly

    The process of aligning overlapping DNA fragments to reconstruct the complete sequence of a genome.

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    Sequence Alignment Programs

    Computer programs designed to align and assemble large DNA sequences.

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    DNA Backbone

    The structural framework of DNA, composed of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.

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    Nitrogenous Bases

    The nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) that are attached to the sugar molecules in the DNA backbone.

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    Complementarity

    The property of DNA where each strand's sequence of bases determines the sequence of the other strand.

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    Antiparallel

    The way in which two strands of DNA run in opposite directions, with one strand running 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.

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    Base Pairing

    The stable association of two nitrogenous bases in DNA through hydrogen bonds. Adenine always pairs with Thymine, and Guanine always pairs with Cytosine.

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    DNA Replication

    The process by which a new DNA strand is synthesized using an existing DNA strand as a template, resulting in two identical DNA molecules.

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    Double Helix Model

    The double helix structure of DNA, famously discovered by Watson and Crick.

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    Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

    The regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes is primarily controlled at the level of transcription initiation. The rate at which RNA polymerase binds to a promoter is influenced by accessory proteins, which can either activate or repress transcription.

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    Operator Proteins

    Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences called operators, influencing gene expression.

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    Operator

    A specific sequence of DNA located near the promoter region that binds to repressor proteins, regulating gene expression.

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    Operon

    A DNA segment containing one or more structural genes that are transcribed together, along with a promoter and regulatory elements, controlling gene expression for a related set of proteins.

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    Repressor Gene

    A gene that codes for a protein that binds to the operator region and represses gene expression.

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    Activator

    A protein that binds to a promoter and increases the rate of gene transcription.

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    Lac Operon

    The genetic unit responsible for controlling lactose metabolism in E. coli, including the regulatory gene (i), the promoter, the operator, and the structural genes (z, y, and a).

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    Human Genome

    The complete set of genetic instructions in a human, consisting of DNA sequences on all 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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    SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms)

    Variations in a single nucleotide base within the DNA sequence of a population.

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    Repetitive Sequences

    Stretches of DNA sequences that are repeated many times within the genome, sometimes hundreds or thousands of times.

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    Microsatellites

    Variations in the length or number of short repetitive DNA sequences, used for genetic mapping and identification.

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    DNA Fingerprinting

    A technique used to generate a unique DNA profile of an individual, based on variations in repetitive DNA sequences.

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    Chromosome Sequencing

    The complete nucleotide sequence of a single chromosome, representing a significant milestone in the Human Genome Project.

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    Gene Count Surprise

    The total number of protein-coding genes in the human genome is significantly lower than previously estimated.

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    Study Notes

    Molecular Basis of Inheritance

    • DNA is the genetic material for most organisms
    • DNA replicates semiconservatively
    • DNA is a double helix with two anti-parallel strands
    • Base pairing: Adenine (A) with Thymine (T), Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C)
    • Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids
    • DNA replication involves unwinding the helix, separating strands, and synthesizing new complementary strands
    • The process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into RNA is called transcription
    • RNA polymerase is the enzyme that catalyzes transcription
    • The genetic code specifies the sequence of amino acids in proteins
    • Translation is the process of protein synthesis, where mRNA is read by ribosomes to create proteins using tRNA
    • Regulation of gene expression controls when and where genes are expressed
    • Operons are groups of genes that are regulated together in prokaryotes
    • DNA fingerprinting identifies differences in DNA sequences using repetitive DNA sequences
    • Mutations can cause changes in the sequence of DNA, leading to variations in traits

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    Molecular Basis of Inheritance PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the molecular basis of inheritance including DNA structure, replication, transcription, and translation processes. This quiz covers the mechanisms behind genetic information and gene expression regulation. Perfect for students studying genetics or molecular biology.

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