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Questions and Answers
What role does CPEB play in long-term facilitation?
Which of the following best describes mRNA polyadenylation's role in neural functioning?
What is one primary effect of synaptic stimulation on dendrites?
Which process is involved in dendritic translation mechanisms during synaptic plasticity?
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Which characterizes fear conditioning models in neural studies?
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What is a significant outcome of pairing touch stimuli with tail shocks in classical conditioning?
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In classical conditioning, what initiates the action potential in the sensory neuron?
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What occurs shortly after tail shock during classical conditioning?
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What role does CPEB play in the process of sensitization?
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How does mRNA polyadenylation affect dendritic translation mechanisms?
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What is a key effect of synaptic stimulation on long-term potentiation?
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In fear conditioning models, which factor is crucial for establishing long-term memories?
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What mechanism does C/EBP utilize to activate downstream genes?
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What is one of the hallmarks of long-term sensitization in neurons?
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What general function does the elongation factor 1a (EF1a) serve in synaptic changes?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between sensitization and habituation?
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What is the primary function of CPEB in the context of memory?
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What role does mRNA polyadenylation play in dendritic translation mechanisms?
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How does synaptic stimulation affect memory processes?
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Which of the following statements about fear conditioning models is correct?
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What is a consequence of inducing a CREB repressor gene in olfactory conditioning?
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What is the relationship between PKA and CREB in memory formation?
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What effect does synaptic protein synthesis have on long-term memory?
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Which mechanism is primarily involved in the establishment of long-term facilitation?
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What is the role of synapse specificity in memory processes?
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What impacts does disruption of CREB isoforms have on memory?
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Study Notes
Molecular Basis of Implicit Learning
- Implicit learning is a type of learning that occurs without conscious awareness or intention.
- Implicit learning is contrasted with explicit learning, which is conscious and intentional.
- Implicit memory involves priming, procedural learning (skills and habits), and associative learning (classical and operant conditioning), including emotional and skeletal responses
- Explicit memory involves facts, events (semantic and episodic), and non-associative learning (habituation and sensitization)
- Implicit learning in Aplysia involves habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and long-term facilitation.
- Key proteins and processes include PKA, CREB, synapsis specificity, dendritic protein synthesis, and CPEB.
- Olfactory conditioning in Drosophila and fear conditioning in mice are also examples of implicit learning.
- The molecular basis of implicit learning is explored in simpler systems (like Aplysia) before being studied in more complex mammals.
Implicit Memory in Aplysia
- Aplysia californica is a sea slug that has a relatively simple nervous system.
- Its neural circuits are easily identifiable, allowing for easier study of implicit learning mechanisms.
- Implicit memory in Aplysia is mainly studied through the gill-withdrawal reflex.
- Repeated stimulation leads to habituation of the reflex.
- The gill withdrawal reflex circuit involves sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.
Habituation
- Repeated stimulation leads to a decreased response.
- Habituation involves a diminished synaptic effectiveness in the stimulated pathways.
- This is related to a decreased neurotransmitter release in the synapses between sensory and motor neurons.
Sensitization
- A strong stimulus, such as a tail shock, results in a stronger response to a subsequent weak stimulus.
- Sensitization involves a stronger synaptic transmission at multiple levels, including presynaptic facilitation,
- This involves PKA phosphorylation of K+ channels and PKC enhancing the release machinery directly via 5-HT.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
- The neutral stimulus eventually elicits the response on its own.
- In Aplysia, pairing siphon touch with tail shock leads to a stronger withdrawal response.
Long-Term Facilitation
- Long-term facilitation is a sustained enhancement of synaptic transmission.
- It is dependent on protein and RNA synthesis.
- Long-term facilitation in Aplysia requires the activation of CREB (a protein involved in gene expression and memory).
Synapse Specificity
- During implicit learning, synaptic changes are targeted to specific synapses.
- The process is synapse-specific, only affecting synapses that have experienced stimulation.
Dendritic Protein Synthesis
- Dendrites synthesise proteins required for the strengthening of synaptic connections during implicit learning.
CPEB
- CPEB (Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding Protein) plays a crucial role in the local translation of mRNAs required for long-term facilitation.
Olfactory Conditioning in Drosophila
- Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism used to study olfactory learning and memory.
- Molecules and specific genes involved in this learning are involved in long-term olfactory memory.
Fear Conditioning in Mice
- Mice are also used as subjects in research of fear learning, and its link with specific genes and molecules.
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Description
Explore the mechanisms behind implicit learning, a process that occurs without conscious intention. This quiz covers implicit memory distinctions, molecular processes in organisms like Aplysia, and examples from Drosophila and mice. Test your understanding of the roles played by key proteins in implicit learning.