Molecular Basis of Implicit Learning
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Questions and Answers

What role does CPEB play in long-term facilitation?

  • It decreases calcium influx into neurons.
  • It enhances the synthesis of specific proteins. (correct)
  • It inhibits synaptic plasticity.
  • It prevents mRNA polyadenylation.

    • Which of the following best describes mRNA polyadenylation's role in neural functioning?

  • It facilitates the translation of proteins necessary for synaptic changes. (correct)
  • It destabilizes mRNA to reduce protein translation.
  • It is unrelated to protein synthesis.
  • It exclusively occurs in non-neuronal cells.

    • What is one primary effect of synaptic stimulation on dendrites?

  • Activation of protein synthesis machinery. (correct)
  • Inhibition of neurotransmitter release.
  • Increase in receptor endocytosis.
  • Reduction in membrane potential fluctuation.

    • Which process is involved in dendritic translation mechanisms during synaptic plasticity?

    <p>Activation of ribosomes in dendritic spines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characterizes fear conditioning models in neural studies?

    <p>They highlight the importance of aversive stimuli leading to conditioned responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant outcome of pairing touch stimuli with tail shocks in classical conditioning?

    <p>An enhanced withdrawal response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what initiates the action potential in the sensory neuron?

    <p>Touch of the siphon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs shortly after tail shock during classical conditioning?

    <p>Release of serotonin onto the sensory neuron's presynaptic terminal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does CPEB play in the process of sensitization?

    <p>It promotes mRNA polyadenylation for local translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mRNA polyadenylation affect dendritic translation mechanisms?

    <p>It allows for increased local synthesis of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key effect of synaptic stimulation on long-term potentiation?

    <p>It enhances the phosphorylation of PKA substrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fear conditioning models, which factor is crucial for establishing long-term memories?

    <p>Activation of CREB-1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does C/EBP utilize to activate downstream genes?

    <p>It functions as a heterodimer with activating factor (AF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the hallmarks of long-term sensitization in neurons?

    <p>Persistent activity of PKA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general function does the elongation factor 1a (EF1a) serve in synaptic changes?

    <p>It facilitates elongation during protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between sensitization and habituation?

    <p>They are oppositional processes impacting synaptic structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CPEB in the context of memory?

    <p>Regulate mRNA polyadenylation for long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mRNA polyadenylation play in dendritic translation mechanisms?

    <p>It facilitates the translation of memory-related proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does synaptic stimulation affect memory processes?

    <p>It induces calcium influx that promotes CREB activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fear conditioning models is correct?

    <p>Mice with impaired PKA activity exhibit deficits in fear conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of inducing a CREB repressor gene in olfactory conditioning?

    <p>It disrupts long-term olfactory memory without disrupting short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between PKA and CREB in memory formation?

    <p>Activation of PKA leads to CREB phosphorylation for long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does synaptic protein synthesis have on long-term memory?

    <p>It is required for maintaining synaptic plasticity related to long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily involved in the establishment of long-term facilitation?

    <p>Phosphorylation of proteins related to calcium signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of synapse specificity in memory processes?

    <p>It ensures that changes in synaptic strength are localized to relevant inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impacts does disruption of CREB isoforms have on memory?

    <p>It specifically impairs long-term memory while leaving short-term memory unaffected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecular Basis of Implicit Learning

    • Implicit learning is a type of learning that occurs without conscious awareness or intention.
    • Implicit learning is contrasted with explicit learning, which is conscious and intentional.
    • Implicit memory involves priming, procedural learning (skills and habits), and associative learning (classical and operant conditioning), including emotional and skeletal responses
    • Explicit memory involves facts, events (semantic and episodic), and non-associative learning (habituation and sensitization)
    • Implicit learning in Aplysia involves habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and long-term facilitation.
      • Key proteins and processes include PKA, CREB, synapsis specificity, dendritic protein synthesis, and CPEB.
    • Olfactory conditioning in Drosophila and fear conditioning in mice are also examples of implicit learning.
    • The molecular basis of implicit learning is explored in simpler systems (like Aplysia) before being studied in more complex mammals.

    Implicit Memory in Aplysia

    • Aplysia californica is a sea slug that has a relatively simple nervous system.
    • Its neural circuits are easily identifiable, allowing for easier study of implicit learning mechanisms.
    • Implicit memory in Aplysia is mainly studied through the gill-withdrawal reflex.
    • Repeated stimulation leads to habituation of the reflex.
    • The gill withdrawal reflex circuit involves sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.

    Habituation

    • Repeated stimulation leads to a decreased response.
    • Habituation involves a diminished synaptic effectiveness in the stimulated pathways.
    • This is related to a decreased neurotransmitter release in the synapses between sensory and motor neurons.

    Sensitization

    • A strong stimulus, such as a tail shock, results in a stronger response to a subsequent weak stimulus.
    • Sensitization involves a stronger synaptic transmission at multiple levels, including presynaptic facilitation,
    • This involves PKA phosphorylation of K+ channels and PKC enhancing the release machinery directly via 5-HT.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
    • The neutral stimulus eventually elicits the response on its own.
    • In Aplysia, pairing siphon touch with tail shock leads to a stronger withdrawal response.

    Long-Term Facilitation

    • Long-term facilitation is a sustained enhancement of synaptic transmission.
    • It is dependent on protein and RNA synthesis.
    • Long-term facilitation in Aplysia requires the activation of CREB (a protein involved in gene expression and memory).

    Synapse Specificity

    • During implicit learning, synaptic changes are targeted to specific synapses.
    • The process is synapse-specific, only affecting synapses that have experienced stimulation.

    Dendritic Protein Synthesis

    • Dendrites synthesise proteins required for the strengthening of synaptic connections during implicit learning.

    CPEB

    • CPEB (Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding Protein) plays a crucial role in the local translation of mRNAs required for long-term facilitation.

    Olfactory Conditioning in Drosophila

    • Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism used to study olfactory learning and memory.
    • Molecules and specific genes involved in this learning are involved in long-term olfactory memory.

    Fear Conditioning in Mice

    • Mice are also used as subjects in research of fear learning, and its link with specific genes and molecules.

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    Description

    Explore the mechanisms behind implicit learning, a process that occurs without conscious intention. This quiz covers implicit memory distinctions, molecular processes in organisms like Aplysia, and examples from Drosophila and mice. Test your understanding of the roles played by key proteins in implicit learning.

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