Molecular Basis of Implicit Learning
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Questions and Answers

What role does CPEB play in long-term facilitation?

  • It decreases calcium influx into neurons.
  • It enhances the synthesis of specific proteins. (correct)
  • It inhibits synaptic plasticity.
  • It prevents mRNA polyadenylation.

Which of the following best describes mRNA polyadenylation's role in neural functioning?

  • It facilitates the translation of proteins necessary for synaptic changes. (correct)
  • It destabilizes mRNA to reduce protein translation.
  • It is unrelated to protein synthesis.
  • It exclusively occurs in non-neuronal cells.

What is one primary effect of synaptic stimulation on dendrites?

  • Activation of protein synthesis machinery. (correct)
  • Inhibition of neurotransmitter release.
  • Increase in receptor endocytosis.
  • Reduction in membrane potential fluctuation.

Which process is involved in dendritic translation mechanisms during synaptic plasticity?

<p>Activation of ribosomes in dendritic spines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characterizes fear conditioning models in neural studies?

<p>They highlight the importance of aversive stimuli leading to conditioned responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of pairing touch stimuli with tail shocks in classical conditioning?

<p>An enhanced withdrawal response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what initiates the action potential in the sensory neuron?

<p>Touch of the siphon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs shortly after tail shock during classical conditioning?

<p>Release of serotonin onto the sensory neuron's presynaptic terminal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does CPEB play in the process of sensitization?

<p>It promotes mRNA polyadenylation for local translation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does mRNA polyadenylation affect dendritic translation mechanisms?

<p>It allows for increased local synthesis of proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key effect of synaptic stimulation on long-term potentiation?

<p>It enhances the phosphorylation of PKA substrates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fear conditioning models, which factor is crucial for establishing long-term memories?

<p>Activation of CREB-1. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does C/EBP utilize to activate downstream genes?

<p>It functions as a heterodimer with activating factor (AF). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the hallmarks of long-term sensitization in neurons?

<p>Persistent activity of PKA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What general function does the elongation factor 1a (EF1a) serve in synaptic changes?

<p>It facilitates elongation during protein synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between sensitization and habituation?

<p>They are oppositional processes impacting synaptic structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of CPEB in the context of memory?

<p>Regulate mRNA polyadenylation for long-term memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does mRNA polyadenylation play in dendritic translation mechanisms?

<p>It facilitates the translation of memory-related proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does synaptic stimulation affect memory processes?

<p>It induces calcium influx that promotes CREB activation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fear conditioning models is correct?

<p>Mice with impaired PKA activity exhibit deficits in fear conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of inducing a CREB repressor gene in olfactory conditioning?

<p>It disrupts long-term olfactory memory without disrupting short-term memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between PKA and CREB in memory formation?

<p>Activation of PKA leads to CREB phosphorylation for long-term memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does synaptic protein synthesis have on long-term memory?

<p>It is required for maintaining synaptic plasticity related to long-term memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily involved in the establishment of long-term facilitation?

<p>Phosphorylation of proteins related to calcium signaling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synapse specificity in memory processes?

<p>It ensures that changes in synaptic strength are localized to relevant inputs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impacts does disruption of CREB isoforms have on memory?

<p>It specifically impairs long-term memory while leaving short-term memory unaffected (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Drosophila Melanogaster

A species of fruit fly commonly used in laboratory research, especially for studying memory.

Short-term memory

A type of memory that lasts for a short period, typically minutes.

Long-term memory

A type of memory that lasts for a long period, often days or years.

PKA

A protein kinase involved in various cellular processes, including memory formation.

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CREB

A protein that plays a crucial role in long-term memory formation.

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Implicit memory

Memory that influences behavior without conscious awareness.

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Fear conditioning

A form of learning where an organism associates a stimulus with a fearful experience.

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Olfactory conditioning

Learning to associate a specific odor with an event or outcome.

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Habituation

A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus.

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Sensitization

An increased response to a stimulus due to a prior strong stimulus, often, a noxious stimulus.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning through the association of two stimuli, where one stimulus comes to evoke a response originally evoked by the other.

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Siphon touch

A stimulus used in classical conditioning, triggering an action potential.

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Tail shock

A stimulus (usually aversive) used in classical conditioning, eliciting a response.

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Sensory neuron

A neuron transmitting sensory information from a stimulus receptor to the central nervous system.

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5-HT release

Release of serotonin onto a sensory neuron after a stimulus.

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Action Potential

Rapid changes in membrane potential of a neuron.

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Presynaptic terminal

End of a neuron's axon where neurotransmitters are released.

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Ca2+ influx

Calcium ions entering the presynaptic terminal of a neuron during an action potential.

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PKA activation

Persistent activation of Protein Kinase A (PKA) occurs when the inhibitory regulatory subunit is removed, leading to continuous phosphorylation of substrate proteins.

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CREB-1 activation

CREB-1 activates genes involved in the growth of new synaptic connections, specifically immediate response genes, including C/EBP.

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C/EBP function

C/EBP,activated by CREB-1, functions as either a homodimer or a heterodimer with AF to trigger downstream gene expression, like EF1a, driving new synaptic connection growth.

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Sensitization (long-term)

A long-lasting enhancement of a behavioral response to a stimulus following a prior strong stimulus. A type of learning.

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Long-term structural changes

Long-lasting changes in the physical structure of the nervous system, caused by sensitization or habituation. These are essential for learning and memory.

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Synapse-Specificity

The idea that learning and memory changes are specific to the particular synapse involved.

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Habituation

Decreased response to repeated stimuli. A form of learning.

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Implicit memory

Unconscious memory that influences behavior but remains outside the realm of conscious awareness.

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Study Notes

Molecular Basis of Implicit Learning

  • Implicit learning is a type of learning that occurs without conscious awareness or intention.
  • Implicit learning is contrasted with explicit learning, which is conscious and intentional.
  • Implicit memory involves priming, procedural learning (skills and habits), and associative learning (classical and operant conditioning), including emotional and skeletal responses
  • Explicit memory involves facts, events (semantic and episodic), and non-associative learning (habituation and sensitization)
  • Implicit learning in Aplysia involves habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and long-term facilitation.
    • Key proteins and processes include PKA, CREB, synapsis specificity, dendritic protein synthesis, and CPEB.
  • Olfactory conditioning in Drosophila and fear conditioning in mice are also examples of implicit learning.
  • The molecular basis of implicit learning is explored in simpler systems (like Aplysia) before being studied in more complex mammals.

Implicit Memory in Aplysia

  • Aplysia californica is a sea slug that has a relatively simple nervous system.
  • Its neural circuits are easily identifiable, allowing for easier study of implicit learning mechanisms.
  • Implicit memory in Aplysia is mainly studied through the gill-withdrawal reflex.
  • Repeated stimulation leads to habituation of the reflex.
  • The gill withdrawal reflex circuit involves sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.

Habituation

  • Repeated stimulation leads to a decreased response.
  • Habituation involves a diminished synaptic effectiveness in the stimulated pathways.
  • This is related to a decreased neurotransmitter release in the synapses between sensory and motor neurons.

Sensitization

  • A strong stimulus, such as a tail shock, results in a stronger response to a subsequent weak stimulus.
  • Sensitization involves a stronger synaptic transmission at multiple levels, including presynaptic facilitation,
  • This involves PKA phosphorylation of K+ channels and PKC enhancing the release machinery directly via 5-HT.

Classical Conditioning

  • Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
  • The neutral stimulus eventually elicits the response on its own.
  • In Aplysia, pairing siphon touch with tail shock leads to a stronger withdrawal response.

Long-Term Facilitation

  • Long-term facilitation is a sustained enhancement of synaptic transmission.
  • It is dependent on protein and RNA synthesis.
  • Long-term facilitation in Aplysia requires the activation of CREB (a protein involved in gene expression and memory).

Synapse Specificity

  • During implicit learning, synaptic changes are targeted to specific synapses.
  • The process is synapse-specific, only affecting synapses that have experienced stimulation.

Dendritic Protein Synthesis

  • Dendrites synthesise proteins required for the strengthening of synaptic connections during implicit learning.

CPEB

  • CPEB (Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding Protein) plays a crucial role in the local translation of mRNAs required for long-term facilitation.

Olfactory Conditioning in Drosophila

  • Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism used to study olfactory learning and memory.
  • Molecules and specific genes involved in this learning are involved in long-term olfactory memory.

Fear Conditioning in Mice

  • Mice are also used as subjects in research of fear learning, and its link with specific genes and molecules.

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Description

Explore the mechanisms behind implicit learning, a process that occurs without conscious intention. This quiz covers implicit memory distinctions, molecular processes in organisms like Aplysia, and examples from Drosophila and mice. Test your understanding of the roles played by key proteins in implicit learning.

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