Molecular and Experimental Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the four main steps involved in pharmacokinetics?

  • Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination
  • Absorption, Distribution, Elimination, Excretion
  • Absorption, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion
  • Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (correct)

    • What is the main difference between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics?

  • Pharmacodynamics focuses on the molecular targets of drugs, while pharmacokinetics focuses on the chemical properties of drugs.
  • Pharmacodynamics describes how drugs act on the body, while pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug. (correct)
  • Pharmacodynamics focuses on the therapeutic effects of drugs, while pharmacokinetics focuses on the side effects of drugs.
  • Pharmacodynamics describes what the body does to a drug, while pharmacokinetics describes how drugs act on the body.

    • What are the two main goals of molecular pharmacology?

  • To develop personalized therapies and to predict drug resistance.
  • To improve drug bioavailability and to reduce drug-drug interactions.
  • To evaluate drug efficacy and to minimize drug side effects.
  • To understand how drugs produce their effects and to discover new drug targets. (correct)

    • Which of these is NOT a valid target for future drug development?

    <p>Proteins that are highly abundant and ubiquitous in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in developing drugs that target protein-protein interactions?

    <p>These interactions are often difficult to disrupt with small molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of 'target validation' refers to the process of identifying new therapeutic targets.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a 'me-too' compound and a 'true innovation' in drug development?

    <p>Me-too compounds target a well-validated target, while true innovations aim to discover novel targets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of a personalized treatment for a genetic disease?

    <p>Use of a gene therapy to correct a specific genetic defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of biopharmaceuticals?

    <p>Typically have a shorter half-life than small molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that explains the increasing popularity of target-oriented pharmacology?

    <p>The increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transporters?

    <p>To transport molecules against their concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of ABC (ATP binding cassette) family of transporters?

    <p>They are primarily responsible for influx of molecules across the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these transporters is NOT a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp)?

    <p>Antibiotics (penicillin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which drugs target transporters?

    <p>By binding to the active site of the transporter and blocking its function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a known target for drug-mediated modulation of neurotransmitter transporters?

    <p>Uric acid transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT primarily transported by an Na+/Cl- dependent transporter?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a known side effect of SSRIs?

    <p>Cardiac toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key mechanism by which antidepressants exert their therapeutic effects?

    <p>By increasing the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of 'desensitization' refers to the phenomenon where repeated exposure to a drug leads to a decrease in its effectiveness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential mechanism of desensitization for a G protein-coupled receptor?

    <p>Increased receptor synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RGS (regulators of G protein signaling) proteins?

    <p>To enhance the intrinsic GTPase activity of G proteins, leading to faster hydrolysis of GTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between RAMPs and RGS proteins?

    <p>RAMPs determine the specificity of ligand binding to a GPCR, while RGS proteins regulate the duration and strength of GPCR signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of ion channels in cellular function?

    <p>To regulate the flow of ions across the cell membrane, influencing the membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a mechanism of drug action for voltage-gated ion channels?

    <p>Promoting the synthesis of new ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a drug commonly used to target a voltage-gated sodium channel?

    <p>Lidocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 'rotating helix' model for voltage-gated ion channel activation?

    <p>The voltage sensor is located in the intracellular portion of the protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which drugs can alter the activity of voltage-gated ion channels?

    <p>Direct activation of the channel protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inactivation gate of a voltage-gated sodium channel plays a critical role in regulating the duration of the action potential by promoting rapid inactivation of the channel.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological importance of the sodium-potassium pump in the cell?

    <p>To maintain the membrane potential and create an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism by which drugs can target the sodium potassium pump?

    <p>Activation of the pump's signaling pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of a drug that targets the sodium potassium pump?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common therapeutic indication for H+/K+ ATPase (proton pump) inhibitors?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using potassium-sparing diuretics?

    <p>They are less likely to cause side effects such as hypokalemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Loop diuretics can be classified among the most potent group of diuretics, and they are typically used as the first-line treatment for managing severe edema.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecular and Experimental Pharmacology - Pharmacotherapy

    • Molecular pharmacology focuses on the molecular mechanisms of drug action, explaining how drugs produce their effects. It starts by identifying the target molecule and the mechanism of drug action and understanding signaling pathways.
    • Drug targets can be diverse molecular targets, structural features, or the localization of the drug.
    • Molecular target identification is increasingly important in drug discovery, with genomic studies being used to identify disease-related targets (reverse pharmacology).
    • The drug discovery process traditionally involved functional studies, but the current trend is to identify the molecular target first and then design drugs based on that target (reverse pharmacology).
    • High-throughput screening of potential drug candidates is used to identify compounds that interact with the target molecule.
    • Functional studies evaluate biological responses to identify the most effective drugs. This involves screening for compounds that affect biological response
    • After identifying the target, functional studies assess the efficacy and side effects
    • Pharmacodynamics describes the effects of drugs on the body; pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics examines how genetic variations affect drug response.
    • Pharmacodynamics explains how drugs affect the body.

    Drug Discovery Process

    • Drug discovery is multifaceted and employs a variety of techniques. This process includes characterizing new biological activities.

    Pharmacokinematics

    • Pharmacokinematics is the study of how the body processes drugs, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

    Pharmacodynamics

    • The study of the effects of drugs on the body, including their mechanisms of action.
    • The mechanism of drug action can focus at different levels:
    • Molecular- drug's target (receptor, ion channel, enzyme, carrier)
    • Cellular- biochemical processes related to the target
    • Tissue- effects on tissue function due to signaling change
    • System-effects on systems function
    • Examples of drug targets, their mechanism of action, and related diseases

    Drugs and targets with low specificity

    • Several drugs targeting multiple targets by accident producing unwanted effects
    • Unselective interactions with a particular target producing several drugs for a specific disorder

    Genetic support to drug discovery

    • Studying the rare variants associated with a favorable phenotype
    • Studying gene variations associated with diseases and tumors to identify new targets
    • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

    Drugs target

    • Drugs interact at the molecular levels on the different parts of the cell but there are few molecular targets
    • Compounds that bind to a target electively and with high affinity are suitable targets for future drug development.
    • Receptors for small endogenous ligands or enzymes (protein kinases and ATPs) are more drug-able
    • Receptors for peptides or proteins might be harder to target by small molecules

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    Molecular Pharmacology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on molecular pharmacology and pharmacotherapy. This quiz covers drug mechanisms, target identification, and the current trends in drug discovery, including reverse pharmacology. Explore how molecular studies contribute to effective drug design.

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