72 Questions
What is the alternative name given to the 'Indus valley civilization' or 'Indus civilization'?
Harappan civilization
In which country are the majority of the Harappan sites located?
Pakistan
Which river is identified by some scholars as the ancient Sarasvati mentioned in the Rig Veda?
Ghaggar-Hakra River
Where is the northernmost site of the Harappan culture zone located?
Manda, Jammu and Kashmir
What material was the fortification wall of the settlement at Dholavira made of?
Stone rubble set in mud mortar
What type of bangles were found at the early Harappan sites in Gujarat?
Plain and segmented terracotta bangles
What were the terracotta marbles and pounders made of at the Harappan sites?
Sandstone
What was found at the Amri site during the early Harappan Period I?
Mud-brick structures
Which material was used to make the massive wall at Kot Diji during the early Harappan Period I?
Limestone rubble and mud-brick
What is notable about the pottery in Period I at Kot Diji?
Short-necked ovoid pots with painted designs
What was the settlement size of the early Harappan Period I at Rehman Dheri?
Over 20 hectares
What were the beads made of that were found at the Nal site in the Khozdar area?
Lapis lazuli, stone, shell, and paste
Which animals were identified from the bones found at the Nal site?
Cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, hare, deer, and pig
Which site represents the early Harappan phase in the southern part of the Indus valley and Baluchistan?
Nal- and Amri-related sites
What is notable about the pottery in Period IC at Nausharo?
Wheel-made wares with brownish bands of paint
What kind of artifacts were found at Gumla in Period II?
Pottery styles similar to Kot Dijian
What was found at Mehrgarh that suggested links with the Indus valley by the end of Period VII?
Kot Diji style vessels
What is notable about the pottery in Period III at Gumla?
Kot Dijian pottery forms and designs including the 'horned deity'
What is one assumption about similar discoveries or cultural changes in different parts of the world?
They are always connected to each other
What does diffusionist theories often do?
Ignore the differences between cultures
What does the text suggest about the transportation and transplantation of technologies or cultural transformations?
They occur only when there is a strong need in the recipient culture
What does mere awareness of a different way of life not lead to?
Transformation of village cultures into urban ones
What is necessary when making a case for influence between cultures, according to the text?
Prove that there was some contact between the ‘donor’ and ‘recipient’ cultures before the change appeared in the latter
What did M.R. Mughal compare in his analysis of the evidence from pre-Harappan sites?
Pre-Harappan and mature Harappan levels
What stage did M.R. Mughal argue that the ‘pre-Harappan’ phase actually represented?
The early, formative phase of the Harappan culture
What two things were lacking in the early Harappan phase according to M.R. Mughal's analysis?
Large cities and increased levels of craft specialization
What makes the early Harappan phase extremely important according to M.R. Mughal?
In its own right as well
At which site is Period II considered early Harappan according to the text?
Balakot
What type of pottery was found at Balakot during the early Harappan phase?
Wheel-made and painted pottery
Which coast is Balakot located on?
Arabian Sea coast
What is the reason for using the term 'Harappan' civilization instead of 'Indus' or 'Indus-Saraswati' civilization?
Harappa was the first identified site of this culture.
What is a key archaeological feature used to announce the discovery of new sites of the Harappan civilization?
Red pottery with black designs
What were the three phases of the Harappan culture?
Formative, Urban, Post-urban
What did John Marshall initially suggest as the time frame for the flourishing of the Harappan civilization?
c. 3250–2750 BCE
What was the significance of the 1986–1996 Harappa excavations in terms of dating the Harappan civilization?
They provided over 70 new radiocarbon dates.
Which terminology does Jim Shaffer use for the long series of human adaptations related to the Harappan civilization?
'Indus valley tradition'
What did D.P. Agrawal suggest as the time frame for the urban phase in the core regions of the Indus valley, Ghaggar-Hakra valley, and Gujarat?
$c. 2600–1900 BCE$
What kind of pottery is an important marker associated with the Harappan civilization?
Red pottery with black designs
What is the broad chronology for the three phases of the Harappan culture?
Early Harappan, c. 3200–2600 BCE; mature Harappan, c. 2600–1900 BCE; and late Harappan, c. 1900–1300 BCE
Who suggested that a migration of people from Sumer may have led to the Harappan civilization?
E.J.H.Mackay
Who argued for a migration of ideas, not people, as the origin of the Harappan civilization?
Mortimer Wheeler
What is a limitation of Amalananda Ghosh's hypothesis on the origins of the Harappan civilization?
It was based on a comparison of pottery and did not consider other material traits.
What is diffusion?
A way of theorizing about cultural change by the spread of ideas, practices or technologies.
Who was the first archaeologist to identify similarities between a pre-Harappan culture and the mature Harappan culture?
Amalananda Ghosh
What did Mortimer Wheeler argue as the origin of the Harappan civilization?
A migration of ideas from Mesopotamia.
What was a result of an over-emphasis on the Sothi element in the account of the emergence of the Harappan civilization according to the text?
'The result was an over-emphasis on the Sothi element in the account of the emergence of the Harappan civilization.'
'The problems with diffusionist theories' section highlights that diffusion is not a theory but what according to the text?
'A way of theorizing about cultural change.'
'Diffusionist theories' were popular among archaeologists and historians in which centuries according to the text?
19th and early 20th centuries
According to E.J.H.Mackay, what may have led to the Harappan civilization?
A migration of people from Sumer (southern Mesopotamia).
Who asserted that there were similarities between Sothi pottery and the pottery at various sites related to Harappan culture?
Amalananda Ghosh
What type of pottery dominated the early Harappan period at Tarakai Qila?
Kot Dijian
What materials were used to make beads found in the early Harappan settlement at Lewan?
Lapis lazuli and turquoise
What evidence suggests that Lewan was a factory site?
Various kinds of stone tools in different stages of production
What type of material were some beads made of in the early Harappan settlement at Sarai Khola?
Steatite paste
What was the dominant pottery type during Period II at Sarai Khola?
Kot Dijian
What is indicated by the remains of mud-brick walls, hearths, and a small circular kiln found at Harappa?
Craft activities and diverse range of items produced
What evidence of writing was found in the early Harappan phase at Harappa?
On pottery and seals
Which raw materials were used to produce a diverse range of items at Harappa?
Chert, terracotta, and stone
What indicates a dramatic change from a nomadic life to permanent settlement in the Kot Dijian phase?
Sharp increase in specialized craft activities
What proportion of the sites in the Cholistan region during the Kot Dijian phase had kilns?
~60%
What type of structures were found at Harappa during the early Harappan phase?
Mud-brick walls and hearths
What was the size of the settlement in Period I at Dholavira?
6 ha
What was the standardization of brick size in Period I houses?
3:2:1
What type of motifs were painted on the distinctive pottery of Period I?
Geometric patterns
Which material was NOT found among the artefacts in houses in Period I?
Steel
What marked the early Harappan phase at Kunal, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi?
Succession to a mature Harappan phase
What was a transitional feature of Period IC between early and mature Harappan phases?
Change from underground to ground-level houses
What was a significant find in Period IB at Kunal?
Introduction of red beakers and jars
What evidence was found at Rakhigarhi indicating a planned settlement in early Harappan Period I?
Ploughed field surface showing furrow marks
What valuable information did Bhirrana provide about the processes leading to the Harappan civilization?
Chronological sequence of Harappan phases
What were found in the remains of Period IB at Bhirrana?
A variety of pottery types including bi-chrome wares
What marked the remains in Period II at Bhirrana?
Succession to mature Harappan phase
Test your knowledge about the features and artifacts found in the Period I settlement of Mohenjo-Daro, including mud-brick fortifications, standardized brick size, and various artifacts like stone blades, terracotta cakes, and shell bangles.
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