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Questions and Answers
What is the primary causative agent for verruca vulgaris?
What is the primary causative agent for verruca vulgaris?
Which condition is suggested by the presence of melanonychia in a patient?
Which condition is suggested by the presence of melanonychia in a patient?
Which treatment is commonly used for molluscum contagiosum?
Which treatment is commonly used for molluscum contagiosum?
What is characterized by papules with central umbilication?
What is characterized by papules with central umbilication?
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In which situation should a patient be referred for further evaluation regarding nail pigmentation?
In which situation should a patient be referred for further evaluation regarding nail pigmentation?
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What are the main types of hair shafts produced by mature follicles?
What are the main types of hair shafts produced by mature follicles?
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Approximately how many hair follicles are found on the entire human body?
Approximately how many hair follicles are found on the entire human body?
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Which area of the body typically has a very high density of hair follicles?
Which area of the body typically has a very high density of hair follicles?
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What percentage of human scalp hair is actively growing at any given time?
What percentage of human scalp hair is actively growing at any given time?
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How many terminal hairs are typically shed from the scalp each day?
How many terminal hairs are typically shed from the scalp each day?
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What is the term for skin areas that do not have hair follicles?
What is the term for skin areas that do not have hair follicles?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of hair loss condition?
Which of the following is NOT a type of hair loss condition?
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What type of hair is typically found in axillary and pubic regions?
What type of hair is typically found in axillary and pubic regions?
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Which autoimmune condition can accompany Alopecia Areata?
Which autoimmune condition can accompany Alopecia Areata?
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What is the primary treatment option for Trichotillomania?
What is the primary treatment option for Trichotillomania?
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In which hair growth stage is hair most actively growing?
In which hair growth stage is hair most actively growing?
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Which factor is NOT associated with Male Pattern Baldness?
Which factor is NOT associated with Male Pattern Baldness?
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Alopecia Areata can spontaneously improve. What does this suggest about its nature?
Alopecia Areata can spontaneously improve. What does this suggest about its nature?
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What type of hair loss is characterized by distinct patterning in men?
What type of hair loss is characterized by distinct patterning in men?
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What treatment option may be considered for severe cases of Alopecia Areata?
What treatment option may be considered for severe cases of Alopecia Areata?
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Which form of hair loss can affect both genders with a similar pathogenesis?
Which form of hair loss can affect both genders with a similar pathogenesis?
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During chemotherapy for leukemia, which hair growth stage is predominantly affected by treatment?
During chemotherapy for leukemia, which hair growth stage is predominantly affected by treatment?
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Which type of alopecia is described as 'localized autoimmune phenomenon'?
Which type of alopecia is described as 'localized autoimmune phenomenon'?
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Which hair follicles are less dependent on hormone signaling?
Which hair follicles are less dependent on hormone signaling?
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What is the main function of hair follicles being immunologically privileged?
What is the main function of hair follicles being immunologically privileged?
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During which phase of the hair follicle cycle is hair production at its peak?
During which phase of the hair follicle cycle is hair production at its peak?
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What triggers the immune system to mistakenly target hair follicles?
What triggers the immune system to mistakenly target hair follicles?
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Which hormone is known to prolong the Anagen phase of hair follicles?
Which hormone is known to prolong the Anagen phase of hair follicles?
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What is a characteristic of Anagen effluvium?
What is a characteristic of Anagen effluvium?
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What percentage of scalp hairs are typically in the Telogen phase at one time?
What percentage of scalp hairs are typically in the Telogen phase at one time?
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Which condition is most likely associated with nail changes during pregnancy?
Which condition is most likely associated with nail changes during pregnancy?
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Which subtype of alopecia is characterized primarily by loss or decreased development?
Which subtype of alopecia is characterized primarily by loss or decreased development?
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Which of the following indicates chronic paronychia?
Which of the following indicates chronic paronychia?
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What percentage of hairs in the Catagen phase at any one time is typically less than?
What percentage of hairs in the Catagen phase at any one time is typically less than?
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What is a common characteristic of onychomycosis?
What is a common characteristic of onychomycosis?
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What is expected to occur during the Exogen phase of the hair follicle cycle?
What is expected to occur during the Exogen phase of the hair follicle cycle?
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Which treatment is typically required for multiple nails affected by onychomycosis?
Which treatment is typically required for multiple nails affected by onychomycosis?
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What is a common misconception about the immune system's interaction with hair follicles?
What is a common misconception about the immune system's interaction with hair follicles?
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What is a typical symptom of acute paronychia?
What is a typical symptom of acute paronychia?
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What constitutes an abnormality in onychodystrophy?
What constitutes an abnormality in onychodystrophy?
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Which treatment is NOT commonly used for acute paronychia?
Which treatment is NOT commonly used for acute paronychia?
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What defines nail pitting in conditions like psoriasis?
What defines nail pitting in conditions like psoriasis?
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Which condition is generally associated with thickening and splitting of nails?
Which condition is generally associated with thickening and splitting of nails?
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Study Notes
Module 8: Nails, Hair, Warts, and Corns
- This module covers various conditions related to nails, hair, warts, and corns.
Hair Disorders
- Androgenic alopecia: Hair loss in men and women, often influenced by hormones.
- Telogen effluvium: A condition where large amounts of hair are shed from the scalp.
- Alopecia areata: Autoimmune condition causing hair loss in patches.
Some Basic Science about Hair Follicles
- Hair follicle: The embryonic structure producing hair shafts.
- Hair shaft: The visible part of the hair.
- Hair types: Mature follicles can produce vellus or terminal hairs.
- Number of follicles: Approximately 5 million on the human body, and 100,000 on the scalp.
- Daily hair shedding: 100-200 hairs are shed daily from the scalp.
- Active growth phase: 85-90% of hairs are actively growing at any given time.
- Hormonal influence: Hormones affect hair follicle structure and function, impacting how much hair is produced depends on location.
- Immunologically privileged site: Hair follicles are locations where foreign grafts can survive for a time without immune rejection.
- Immune system targets: The immune system can target hair follicles due to primary attacks by immune mediators or a breakdown of immune privilege.
- Stages of the hair follicle cycle: The modules lists anagen (growth), catagen (regression), and telogen (resting) phases.
- Duration of phases: The anagen phase typically lasts 2–6 years, while catagen lasts 2-3 weeks in the scalp hair follicle. Telogens lasts up to three months.
- Location-dependent effects: The effects of hormones on hair follicles are dependent on where they are located on the body.
How Many Hair Follicles on the Scalp (Approximately)
- Approximately 100,000
How Many Terminal Scalp Hairs Shed Each Day
- 300-500 hairs
What Percentage of Human Scalp Hair Actively Growing
- 80-90%
Areas of Skin Without Hair
- Glabrous skin (e.g., palms, soles, mucous membranes).
Why Do Beards Grow Where They Do? Why Does Acne Occur in Certain Places More Than Others?
- The causes are related to hormonal influences and location-specific follicle sensitivity, possibly based on different follicle density/types, not elaborated on in the text.
Why Does Patterned Baldness Follow a Pattern?
- Male and female patterned baldness follows a predictable pattern dictated, in part, by hormonal influences on various parts of the scalp (specific locations of follicles or follicle density).
Nails
- Nail abnormalities: Ridging, splitting, thickening, onycholysis (nail lifting), psoriasis, acute and chronic paronychia (inflammation around the nails), fungal nail infections, nail nevi (moles) and melanomas.
- Onychodystrophy: Nail abnormalities like ridging, splitting, and thickening.
- Nail pitting/Median tic deformity: A nail condition with irregularities.
- Nail psoriasis: Nail condition linked to psoriasis.
- Onychomycosis (fungal nail infection): Nail condition caused by fungal infection.
- Paronychia (acute): Inflammation around the nail, often bacterial (secondary to trauma).
- Paronychia (chronic): Chronic inflammation around the nail (potential yeast or fungal infection).
- Nail Nevi/Melanoma-: Pigmented nail conditions/cancers.
Warts
- Human papillomavirus: Causes various types of warts.
- Common wart types: Vulgaris, palmoplantar, flat, genital (condyloma acuminata).
- Treatment options: Cryotherapy, topical immunomodulators, chemical destruction.
- Other information: Extensive warts may require immunosuppression consideration.
- HPV/Warts: Potential relationship between human papilloma virus (HPV) and warts.
- Molluscum contagiosum: Viral infection causing skin bumps with central umbilication, characterized by pox virus, in particular, and also linked to spread through the use of shared objects.
Alopecia Areata
- Localized autoimmune hair loss (scalp).
- Potential association with other autoimmune disorders.
- Often improves spontaneously.
- Totalis/Universalis forms affect the whole scalp or body, respectively.
- Treatment options include topical steroids, other topical immunosuppressives or systemic medications.
Alopecia—Hair Loss: Disruption in Normal Hair Cycle
- Describes subtypes of hair loss, categorized as loss or decreased development.
- Other types of alopecia are outlined, such as Areata, Androgenetic, Trichotillomania (hair pulling), Inflammatory/Scarring, Genetic alopecia. Shedding subtypes like Telogen effluvium are noted as well as anagen effluvium.
Anagen vs Telogen Effluvium
- Anagen effluvium: Hair loss affecting actively growing hair. Usually due to chemotherapy or other impacts on the follicle mitotic activity.
- Telogen effluvium: Hair loss affecting resting hair follicles. Common after stressful life events or illnesses. Shedding is often diffuse.
Corns/Calluses
- These are thickened areas of skin caused by pressure points (arising from repetitive activities or specific skin structures).
- Treatment focuses on off-loading pressure and using topical agents (salicylic acid/urea).
Additional Information
- Several other conditions and associated images were discussed—often with a clinical presentation. These conditions or circumstances include a case of a patient with leukemia facing hair loss (anaphase, catagen, telogen), a 30-year-old with HIV having bothersome skin warts, and a teenager with an autoimmune patch of hair loss related possibly to a broader autoimmune disorder.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various conditions related to nails, hair, warts, and corns. This quiz covers common hair disorders, the science of hair follicles, and the effects of hormones on hair growth. Challenge yourself with questions about alopecia, hair shedding, and more!
