Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which bone is NOT part of the bony orbit?
Which bone is NOT part of the bony orbit?
- Maxilla
- Zygomatic
- Mandible (correct)
- Frontal
What role do the lacrimal glands play in eye health?
What role do the lacrimal glands play in eye health?
- Regulate the intraocular pressure
- Produce tears to maintain corneal moisture (correct)
- Facilitate the movement of ocular muscles
- Protect the eye from infections
Which of the following structures is part of the conjunctiva?
Which of the following structures is part of the conjunctiva?
- Palpebral portion (correct)
- Retina
- Eyelid
- Lacrimal sac
How do the extraocular muscles generate eye movement?
How do the extraocular muscles generate eye movement?
Where is the aqueous humor located in the eye?
Where is the aqueous humor located in the eye?
What component contributes to the cushioning of the eyeball in the orbital cavity?
What component contributes to the cushioning of the eyeball in the orbital cavity?
Which of the following is an accurate description of the vitreous humor?
Which of the following is an accurate description of the vitreous humor?
What is one procedural consideration for ophthalmology surgery?
What is one procedural consideration for ophthalmology surgery?
Which structure of the eye is considered the most important in the refractive apparatus?
Which structure of the eye is considered the most important in the refractive apparatus?
What type of positioning is commonly recommended for patients undergoing ophthalmic surgeries?
What type of positioning is commonly recommended for patients undergoing ophthalmic surgeries?
What is the purpose of dilating drops used in ophthalmic surgeries?
What is the purpose of dilating drops used in ophthalmic surgeries?
During which phase is constant description and reinforcement particularly important for ophthalmic patients?
During which phase is constant description and reinforcement particularly important for ophthalmic patients?
Which of the following instruments is NOT typically used in ophthalmic surgeries?
Which of the following instruments is NOT typically used in ophthalmic surgeries?
What is the sequence of counts for ophthalmic surgeries?
What is the sequence of counts for ophthalmic surgeries?
Which one of the following statements about the perioperative nurse's role is correct?
Which one of the following statements about the perioperative nurse's role is correct?
What is a common characteristic of patients who undergo ophthalmology procedures?
What is a common characteristic of patients who undergo ophthalmology procedures?
Which of these instruments is specifically designed for intraocular surgery?
Which of these instruments is specifically designed for intraocular surgery?
What is the primary reason for securing a patient's return electrode pad during surgery?
What is the primary reason for securing a patient's return electrode pad during surgery?
What is a potential consequence of experiencing an increase in floaters?
What is a potential consequence of experiencing an increase in floaters?
Which treatment is typically employed to address neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy?
Which treatment is typically employed to address neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy?
What surgical procedure involves the use of a cryoprobe?
What surgical procedure involves the use of a cryoprobe?
How does scleral buckling aid in the treatment of retinal detachment?
How does scleral buckling aid in the treatment of retinal detachment?
What is the primary purpose of vitrectomy surgery?
What is the primary purpose of vitrectomy surgery?
What is the primary purpose of a cryotherapy machine in ophthalmic procedures?
What is the primary purpose of a cryotherapy machine in ophthalmic procedures?
In the context of strabismus surgery, what does the term 'recession' refer to?
In the context of strabismus surgery, what does the term 'recession' refer to?
What condition does hypertropia specifically describe?
What condition does hypertropia specifically describe?
What is the primary indication for an enucleation procedure?
What is the primary indication for an enucleation procedure?
What type of surgery involves the removal of a chalazion?
What type of surgery involves the removal of a chalazion?
What does extropian repair address?
What does extropian repair address?
Which of the following procedures involves the excision of conjunctival tissue?
Which of the following procedures involves the excision of conjunctival tissue?
What is the role of the operating microscope in ophthalmic surgeries?
What is the role of the operating microscope in ophthalmic surgeries?
Which type of misalignment is indicated by esotropia?
Which type of misalignment is indicated by esotropia?
What is the purpose of suturing a round implant in an enucleation procedure?
What is the purpose of suturing a round implant in an enucleation procedure?
What is the primary purpose of viscoelastics in intraocular surgeries?
What is the primary purpose of viscoelastics in intraocular surgeries?
Which agent is specifically used to constrict pupils during anterior segment surgery?
Which agent is specifically used to constrict pupils during anterior segment surgery?
What concentration range of epinephrine is considered safe for use with injectable anesthetics?
What concentration range of epinephrine is considered safe for use with injectable anesthetics?
Which type of drops are utilized to keep the cornea moist during ocular surgery?
Which type of drops are utilized to keep the cornea moist during ocular surgery?
What is the role of hyaluronidase in relation to local anesthetics?
What is the role of hyaluronidase in relation to local anesthetics?
Which agent is used topically to inhibit scar formation in glaucoma-filtering procedures?
Which agent is used topically to inhibit scar formation in glaucoma-filtering procedures?
What is the primary function of the phacoemulsification machine in cataract surgery?
What is the primary function of the phacoemulsification machine in cataract surgery?
What is the use of balanced salt solution during surgical procedures?
What is the use of balanced salt solution during surgical procedures?
Which type of agent is mannitol in the context of intraocular surgeries?
Which type of agent is mannitol in the context of intraocular surgeries?
What type of machine is used to perform vitrectomy?
What type of machine is used to perform vitrectomy?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of the Eye
- Bony orbit is comprised of seven bones: maxilla, palatine, frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, ethmoid, lacrimal.
- The orbit houses the globe, orbital fat, extraocular muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and part of the lacrimal apparatus.
- Lacrimal glands produce tears that are secreted through ducts to moisten the cornea and wash debris, draining into the nasolacrimal duct.
- Eyelids contain skin, adnexa (eyelashes), subcutaneous tissue, lymphatics, and muscles.
- Conjunctiva is a transparent membrane; palpebral portion lines eyelids, while bulbar portion covers the globe.
- Extraocular muscles facilitate eye movement; consist of four recti (superior, inferior, medial, lateral) and two oblique muscles (superior, inferior).
- Globe is cushioned in orbit and contains aqueous humor (anterior to lens) and vitreous humor (posterior to lens).
Refractive Apparatus
- Main components affecting vision include cornea, lens, vitreous humor, and aqueous humor.
Perioperative Nursing Considerations
- Ophthalmic patients include premature infants to elderly individuals.
- Patients admitted ambulatory; orientation to surroundings crucial for visually impaired individuals.
- Surgical positioning often requires a supine position; protocols vary by surgeon and institution.
- Collaboration with surgical team ensures patient positioning safety, including use of return electrode pads and safety straps.
Instrumentation and Counting
- Instruments for extra and intraocular surgeries include eye scalpels, scissors, lacrimal probes, and needle drivers.
- Minor count is essential during ophthalmic procedures for instrument safety.
Eye Pharmacology
- Medications for surgical procedures include dilating drops (e.g., phenylephrine, atropine) and constricting drops (e.g., Miochol).
- Viscoelastics lubricate and support tissues during surgery (e.g., sodium hyaluronate).
- Eye irrigation solutions, like Balanced Salt Solution (BSS), maintain cornea moisture.
- Hyperosmotic agents (e.g., mannitol) reduce intraocular pressure.
- Injectable anesthetics are used to manage pain, with lidocaine being common.
Equipment
- Phacoemulsification machines use ultrasound for cataract removal.
- Posterior vitrectomy machines facilitate vitreous removal.
- Cryotherapy machines seal retinal tears.
- Lasers are employed for various ocular interventions including cataract and retinal surgeries.
- Operating microscopes enhance visibility during procedures.
Surgical Interventions
Extraocular Surgeries
- Strabismus surgery corrects ocular misalignment; categories include esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia.
- Techniques include recession (weakening) and resection (strengthening) procedures.
- Enucleation removes the entire eyeball for severe conditions; an implant supports prosthetics.
- Chalazion removal addresses blockage of meibomian glands; entropion and extropian repairs address eyelid malformations.
- Pterygium excision removes conjunctival growths on the cornea.
Retinal Surgery
- Vitreous humor assists in preserving eyeball shape, but can cause floaters as it ages.
- Increase in floaters may indicate potential retinal detachment.
- Laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy prevents new vessel formation causing vision loss.
- Vitrectomy surgery removes opaque vitreous to enhance vision.
- Pneumatic retinopexy and scleral buckling are techniques to reattach detached retinas.
Intraocular Surgeries
- Cataract surgery involves removing the opaque lens.
- Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE) carefully removes the lens while leaving the posterior capsule intact.
- Intra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ICCE) removes the lens within its capsule, typically using a cryoprobe.
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