Questions and Answers
What is social cognitive theory?
A theory of human behavior that proposes that thoughts, beliefs, and expectations influence behavior and are shaped by the person's social environment.
Who is Albert Bandura?
A researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment.
What is self-efficacy?
One's belief in his or her own ability.
Self-efficacy beliefs influence people's: _____
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What is a conditioned association?
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What does contiguity refer to?
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Who are Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner?
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What is the contingency model?
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Classical conditioning is fastest and strongest when: the _____ occurs shortly before the US.
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The predictability rather than the frequency of NS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of _____ in conditioning.
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Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions that could not be explained by classical conditioning?
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Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher BEST known for studying this type of learning is _____ .
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Some theorists speculate that people with autism spectrum disorder display reduced imitative yawning and difficulty modeling observed behaviors because of malfunctioning _____ neurons.
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What has Newton developed after getting ill from pizza?
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Researchers often find it more challenging to train dolphins rather than dogs even though dolphins are smarter. One reason for this is that dolphins have _____ shared evolutionary heritage with humans than dogs.
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In the case of Fabian becoming ill from chicken, the unconditioned stimulus is the: _____
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What is an example of an extrinsic reward for ten-year-old Maggie?
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What sophisticated ability can Baby May likely demonstrate?
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Why was Michelle able to change her route to work quickly?
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What is considered a powerful unconditioned stimulus in conditioned taste aversion?
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In classical conditioning, the smell of tequila for Erin is now a(n): _____
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What behavior is exemplified by Johnny
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Study Notes
Social Cognitive Theory
- Proposes that behavior is influenced by thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and the social environment.
Albert Bandura
- A key figure in observational learning research known for the Bobo doll experiment, demonstrating children's imitation of aggressive behavior.
Self-Efficacy
- Refers to an individual's belief in their capability to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments.
Influence of Self-Efficacy
- Affects cognition, motivation, emotion, and decision-making processes.
Conditioned Association
- Involves learning to connect two events occurring closely in time, forming a link in memory.
Contiguity
- Describes the perception that events happening close together in time are related to one another.
Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner
- Developed the contingency model, showing that animals can learn predictability through associative experiences.
Contingency Model
- An update to the contiguity model, emphasizing that the more reliably one event predicts another, the stronger the learning.
Classical Conditioning Speed
- Most effective when the neutral stimulus (NS) is presented shortly before the unconditioned stimulus (US).
Cognitive Processes in Conditioning
- Suggests importance of cognitive processes, rather than just frequency, in forming NS-US associations for classical conditioning.
John Garcia
- Researched taste aversions, noting that traditional classical conditioning principles do not fully explain these behaviors.
Observational Learning
- Learning through imitation of others, highlighted in Bandura's studies of social learning.
Autism and Imitative Behavior
- Some theorists propose that individuals with autism may have impaired mirror neurons, affecting their ability to imitate behavior.
Taste Aversion Example
- Newton's aversion to a pizza chain after illness exemplifies conditioned taste aversion.
Training Challenges with Dolphins
- Dolphins, despite higher intelligence, are harder to train than dogs due to less shared evolutionary heritage with humans affecting their conditioning.
Unconditioned Stimulus in Taste Aversion
- For Fabian, the bacteria causing illness served as the unconditioned stimulus in his conditioned response to chicken from a restaurant.
Extrinsic Rewards in Motivation
- Maggie’s interruptions in class highlight how external attention from peers acts as an extrinsic reward enhancing behavior.
Cognitive Mapping
- Michelle’s ability to navigate around road closures demonstrates her use of a cognitive map to adjust her route.
Unconditioned Stimulus in Taste Aversion
- In conditioned taste aversion, spoiled or poisoned food acts as a potent unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus Example
- Erin’s nausea at the smell of tequila after a negative experience illustrates how certain scents can become conditioned stimuli.
Modeling Behavior
- Johnny’s imitation of his father while “hammering” reflects the concept of modeling in learning and development.
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Description
Test your knowledge on social cognitive theory and its key components. This quiz focuses on influential concepts and figures in cognitive psychology, particularly Albert Bandura and self-efficacy. Perfect for students studying psychology and behavior in a social context.
