Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
- Excretion of waste products (correct)
- Production of hormones
- Digestion of food
- Respiration of oxygen
The urinary system consists of four primary components: kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.
The urinary system consists of four primary components: kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.
True (A)
What by-product of protein metabolism is primarily found in urine?
What by-product of protein metabolism is primarily found in urine?
urea
The kidneys help regulate blood ___________ by controlling the extracellular fluid volume.
The kidneys help regulate blood ___________ by controlling the extracellular fluid volume.
Match the following components of the urinary system with their functions:
Match the following components of the urinary system with their functions:
Which of the following ions is NOT regulated by the urinary system?
Which of the following ions is NOT regulated by the urinary system?
What hormone produced by the kidneys regulates the synthesis of red blood cells?
What hormone produced by the kidneys regulates the synthesis of red blood cells?
Which mechanism plays a key role in the kidneys' ability to conserve water?
Which mechanism plays a key role in the kidneys' ability to conserve water?
Tubular secretion can only occur through active transport processes.
Tubular secretion can only occur through active transport processes.
What is the function of tubular secretion in the kidneys?
What is the function of tubular secretion in the kidneys?
The major hormonal mechanism that involves the reabsorption of water is known as __________.
The major hormonal mechanism that involves the reabsorption of water is known as __________.
Match the following renal processes with their descriptions:
Match the following renal processes with their descriptions:
Which of the following regions of a nephron is responsible for filtering blood?
Which of the following regions of a nephron is responsible for filtering blood?
The loop of Henle helps to return filtered substances to the blood.
The loop of Henle helps to return filtered substances to the blood.
What are the two types of nephrons in the kidneys?
What are the two types of nephrons in the kidneys?
The glomerulus is a network of __________ twisted around each other.
The glomerulus is a network of __________ twisted around each other.
Match the following nephron structures with their functions:
Match the following nephron structures with their functions:
What structure carries the newly formed urine from the cortex toward the renal papilla?
What structure carries the newly formed urine from the cortex toward the renal papilla?
The walls of the Bowman capsule consist of simple cuboidal epithelial cells.
The walls of the Bowman capsule consist of simple cuboidal epithelial cells.
What makes the glomerular capillaries particularly efficient at filtration?
What makes the glomerular capillaries particularly efficient at filtration?
The __________ is the chamber that surrounds the glomerulus.
The __________ is the chamber that surrounds the glomerulus.
What is the primary function of the ureters?
What is the primary function of the ureters?
The trigone of the urinary bladder expands as the bladder fills with urine.
The trigone of the urinary bladder expands as the bladder fills with urine.
What is the maximum capacity of the urinary bladder?
What is the maximum capacity of the urinary bladder?
Cystitis is an inflammation of the __________.
Cystitis is an inflammation of the __________.
Which bacterium is the most common cause of cystitis?
Which bacterium is the most common cause of cystitis?
How long is the male urethra approximately?
How long is the male urethra approximately?
The female urethra is longer than the male urethra.
The female urethra is longer than the male urethra.
The urinary bladder is located in the __________ cavity.
The urinary bladder is located in the __________ cavity.
Match the following components with their descriptions:
Match the following components with their descriptions:
What triggers the smooth muscle contraction of the urinary bladder?
What triggers the smooth muscle contraction of the urinary bladder?
What type of epithelium lines both the ureters and the urinary bladder?
What type of epithelium lines both the ureters and the urinary bladder?
The internal urethral sphincter prevents urine leakage from the urinary bladder in females only.
The internal urethral sphincter prevents urine leakage from the urinary bladder in females only.
What role do smooth muscles play in the ureters and urinary bladder?
What role do smooth muscles play in the ureters and urinary bladder?
Filtration in kidneys is a __________ process that separates based on size or charge.
Filtration in kidneys is a __________ process that separates based on size or charge.
Match the following urine production processes with their definitions:
Match the following urine production processes with their definitions:
Which of the following options is a function of the external urethral sphincter?
Which of the following options is a function of the external urethral sphincter?
Reabsorption in the nephron involves moving substances from the nephron tubule back into the blood.
Reabsorption in the nephron involves moving substances from the nephron tubule back into the blood.
What is the driving force for kidney filtration?
What is the driving force for kidney filtration?
The __________ contracts to prevent semen from entering the urinary bladder during sexual intercourse in males.
The __________ contracts to prevent semen from entering the urinary bladder during sexual intercourse in males.
Which of the following is NOT a direct function of the kidneys?
Which of the following is NOT a direct function of the kidneys?
What is the primary role of fimbriae in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary role of fimbriae in the female reproductive system?
The fertilized oocyte embeds in the uterine wall during a process called implantation.
The fertilized oocyte embeds in the uterine wall during a process called implantation.
Name the three layers that compose the uterine wall.
Name the three layers that compose the uterine wall.
The _____ is the main part of the uterus, located below the fundus.
The _____ is the main part of the uterus, located below the fundus.
Match the following parts of the female reproductive system with their descriptions:
Match the following parts of the female reproductive system with their descriptions:
The scrotum helps to keep the testes warm by expanding in colder temperatures.
The scrotum helps to keep the testes warm by expanding in colder temperatures.
What medical condition refers to the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?
What medical condition refers to the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?
Sperm must develop at a temperature less than body temperature, with a permissive temperature of about ______ °C.
Sperm must develop at a temperature less than body temperature, with a permissive temperature of about ______ °C.
Match the male reproductive structures with their functions:
Match the male reproductive structures with their functions:
Which muscle contracts to help pull the testes closer to the body?
Which muscle contracts to help pull the testes closer to the body?
How many seminiferous tubules are typically found within each testis?
How many seminiferous tubules are typically found within each testis?
What is the primary function of the ovaries?
What is the primary function of the ovaries?
The uterine tubes extend from the ovaries to the external genitalia.
The uterine tubes extend from the ovaries to the external genitalia.
Name the ligaments that help hold the internal reproductive organs in place.
Name the ligaments that help hold the internal reproductive organs in place.
The female reproductive cell is known as an __________.
The female reproductive cell is known as an __________.
What is the main function of Sertoli cells?
What is the main function of Sertoli cells?
Match the following reproductive components with their functions:
Match the following reproductive components with their functions:
Sperm cells taken directly from the testes are capable of fertilizing oocytes.
Sperm cells taken directly from the testes are capable of fertilizing oocytes.
What is the function of interstitial cells (Leydig cells)?
What is the function of interstitial cells (Leydig cells)?
What triggers the enlargement and firmness of the penis?
What triggers the enlargement and firmness of the penis?
What undergoes capacitation after ejaculation of semen?
What undergoes capacitation after ejaculation of semen?
The suspensory ligament contains ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves.
The suspensory ligament contains ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves.
What anatomical structure compresses veins during an erection?
What anatomical structure compresses veins during an erection?
Match the following components of the male reproductive system with their descriptions:
Match the following components of the male reproductive system with their descriptions:
The __________ ligament attaches the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus.
The __________ ligament attaches the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus.
What is the approximate length of the ductus deferens?
What is the approximate length of the ductus deferens?
The prostatic urethra passes through the prostate gland.
The prostatic urethra passes through the prostate gland.
Which structure opens directly into the peritoneal cavity near each ovary?
Which structure opens directly into the peritoneal cavity near each ovary?
The ductus deferens is also known as the __________.
The ductus deferens is also known as the __________.
Which of the following glands decreases in size with age?
Which of the following glands decreases in size with age?
What percentage of semen fluid is contributed by the seminal vesicles?
What percentage of semen fluid is contributed by the seminal vesicles?
The bulbourethral gland also functions to lubricate and neutralize acidity in the vagina.
The bulbourethral gland also functions to lubricate and neutralize acidity in the vagina.
Name the structure where sperm mature after leaving the testes.
Name the structure where sperm mature after leaving the testes.
Semen is a mixture of sperm and ________ from glands.
Semen is a mixture of sperm and ________ from glands.
Match the gland with its primary function:
Match the gland with its primary function:
What is one of the main roles of prostaglandins found in seminal fluid?
What is one of the main roles of prostaglandins found in seminal fluid?
Sperm can survive for up to 72 hours inside the female reproductive system.
Sperm can survive for up to 72 hours inside the female reproductive system.
How many milliliters of semen are typically ejaculated?
How many milliliters of semen are typically ejaculated?
The corpus spongiosum surrounds the spongy ________.
The corpus spongiosum surrounds the spongy ________.
Which gland contributes to the coagulation of semen?
Which gland contributes to the coagulation of semen?
What type of neurons transmit action potentials from the CNS to effector organs?
What type of neurons transmit action potentials from the CNS to effector organs?
The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) can function independently of the CNS.
The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) can function independently of the CNS.
Name the three parts of a neuron.
Name the three parts of a neuron.
The _____ division transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
The _____ division transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
Match the type of neuron with its function:
Match the type of neuron with its function:
What structure contains a single nucleus and extensive rough ER?
What structure contains a single nucleus and extensive rough ER?
Dendrites are primarily responsible for transmitting information away from the neuron cell body.
Dendrites are primarily responsible for transmitting information away from the neuron cell body.
Which of the following functions is NOT controlled by the pons?
Which of the following functions is NOT controlled by the pons?
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for regulating emotional responses.
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for regulating emotional responses.
What is the main function of the thalamus?
What is the main function of the thalamus?
The __________ consists of gray matter and is important for coordinating fine motor movements.
The __________ consists of gray matter and is important for coordinating fine motor movements.
Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
Which component is NOT part of the reflex arc?
Which component is NOT part of the reflex arc?
The patellar reflex is an example of a withdrawal reflex.
The patellar reflex is an example of a withdrawal reflex.
What are the two types of reflex arcs?
What are the two types of reflex arcs?
The area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves is called a __________.
The area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves is called a __________.
Match the types of spinal nerves with their corresponding regions:
Match the types of spinal nerves with their corresponding regions:
Which plexus supplies the diaphragm?
Which plexus supplies the diaphragm?
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in total.
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in total.
How many spinal nerves are categorized as lumbar?
How many spinal nerves are categorized as lumbar?
Reflex pathways primarily occur in the __________ and __________.
Reflex pathways primarily occur in the __________ and __________.
Which of the following spinal nerves is responsible for innervating the lower limb?
Which of the following spinal nerves is responsible for innervating the lower limb?
What type of conduction occurs in unmyelinated axons?
What type of conduction occurs in unmyelinated axons?
Action potentials can vary in magnitude from one occurrence to another.
Action potentials can vary in magnitude from one occurrence to another.
What is the brief phase where the cell membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential called?
What is the brief phase where the cell membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential called?
The space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes is called the __________.
The space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes is called the __________.
What is the primary composition of white matter in the CNS?
What is the primary composition of white matter in the CNS?
Match the following types of conduction with their characteristics:
Match the following types of conduction with their characteristics:
The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain a higher concentration of K+ outside the cell.
The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain a higher concentration of K+ outside the cell.
What are the two basic types of ion channels mentioned?
What are the two basic types of ion channels mentioned?
Which of the following statements about action potentials is true?
Which of the following statements about action potentials is true?
During saltatory conduction, action potentials propagate at every part of the axon.
During saltatory conduction, action potentials propagate at every part of the axon.
The resting membrane potential is maintained by the __________ and leak channels.
The resting membrane potential is maintained by the __________ and leak channels.
What forms the presynaptic terminal in a synapse?
What forms the presynaptic terminal in a synapse?
Match the types of gated channels with their descriptions:
Match the types of gated channels with their descriptions:
Which of the following is true about the leak channels?
Which of the following is true about the leak channels?
Hyperpolarization is caused by elevated permeability to __________ ions.
Hyperpolarization is caused by elevated permeability to __________ ions.
Match the following components of a synapse with their descriptions:
Match the following components of a synapse with their descriptions:
Neurons are considered non-excitable cells.
Neurons are considered non-excitable cells.
What is the percentage of ATP consumed by the sodium-potassium pump in a typical neuron?
What is the percentage of ATP consumed by the sodium-potassium pump in a typical neuron?
The greater concentration of __________ outside the cell is essential for the action potential.
The greater concentration of __________ outside the cell is essential for the action potential.
Which of the following hormones are classified as lipid-soluble hormones?
Which of the following hormones are classified as lipid-soluble hormones?
Water-soluble hormones can easily pass through the cell membrane.
Water-soluble hormones can easily pass through the cell membrane.
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
The pituitary gland is also known as the __________ gland because it controls the function of many other glands.
The pituitary gland is also known as the __________ gland because it controls the function of many other glands.
Match the following hormones with their primary functions:
Match the following hormones with their primary functions:
What type of hormones includes protein hormones and peptides?
What type of hormones includes protein hormones and peptides?
Lipid-soluble hormones circulate in the blood unprotected and are easily removed from the body.
Lipid-soluble hormones circulate in the blood unprotected and are easily removed from the body.
Name two systems that hormones help to regulate.
Name two systems that hormones help to regulate.
Water-soluble hormones have _____ half-lives and are rapidly broken down in the bloodstream.
Water-soluble hormones have _____ half-lives and are rapidly broken down in the bloodstream.
Match the following hormone types with their characteristics:
Match the following hormone types with their characteristics:
Which of the following is an example of a water-soluble hormone?
Which of the following is an example of a water-soluble hormone?
Lipid-soluble hormones can easily diffuse through cell membranes due to their nonpolar nature.
Lipid-soluble hormones can easily diffuse through cell membranes due to their nonpolar nature.
What regulates the levels of glucose and other nutrients in the blood?
What regulates the levels of glucose and other nutrients in the blood?
Hormones set into _____ to trigger various physiological processes.
Hormones set into _____ to trigger various physiological processes.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?
Hormones can only act locally and cannot travel through the bloodstream.
Hormones can only act locally and cannot travel through the bloodstream.
What is the study of the endocrine system called?
What is the study of the endocrine system called?
The hormones secreted by endocrine glands diffuse into the _____ to be transported to their target tissues.
The hormones secreted by endocrine glands diffuse into the _____ to be transported to their target tissues.
Match the following functions of the endocrine system with their descriptions:
Match the following functions of the endocrine system with their descriptions:
Which type of glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Which type of glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Cytokines secreted by white blood cells act locally on neighboring cells.
Cytokines secreted by white blood cells act locally on neighboring cells.
What is an example of a self-limiting system in hormone regulation?
What is an example of a self-limiting system in hormone regulation?
Positive feedback mechanisms promote the secretion of a hormone even after blood levels reach a certain point.
Positive feedback mechanisms promote the secretion of a hormone even after blood levels reach a certain point.
What type of system is established when a hormone inhibits its own secretion?
What type of system is established when a hormone inhibits its own secretion?
The portion of a receptor where a hormone binds is known as the ______.
The portion of a receptor where a hormone binds is known as the ______.
Match the hormone with its corresponding action:
Match the hormone with its corresponding action:
What is the primary role of hormone receptors?
What is the primary role of hormone receptors?
Only hormones with high concentrations can activate a significant number of their receptors.
Only hormones with high concentrations can activate a significant number of their receptors.
What kind of feedback mechanism is involved in prolonged estrogen stimulation?
What kind of feedback mechanism is involved in prolonged estrogen stimulation?
The __________ is a self-propagating system that promotes hormone synthesis and secretion.
The __________ is a self-propagating system that promotes hormone synthesis and secretion.
Which hormone serves as a key regulator of blood hormone levels and can inhibit its own secretion?
Which hormone serves as a key regulator of blood hormone levels and can inhibit its own secretion?
Which of the following modifications helps protect hormones from destruction?
Which of the following modifications helps protect hormones from destruction?
The term 'humoral' refers to hormones released due to neural stimuli.
The term 'humoral' refers to hormones released due to neural stimuli.
What is the role of binding proteins in hormone circulation?
What is the role of binding proteins in hormone circulation?
Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to secrete the hormone __________.
Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to secrete the hormone __________.
Match the type of stimuli to its description:
Match the type of stimuli to its description:
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to low blood pressure?
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to low blood pressure?
Neural stimuli directly stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete hormones during exercise.
Neural stimuli directly stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete hormones during exercise.
Name a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates other endocrine glands.
Name a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates other endocrine glands.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) works to __________ blood pressure.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) works to __________ blood pressure.
Which of the following hormones directly stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas?
Which of the following hormones directly stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas?
Flashcards
Urinary System
Urinary System
The primary excretory system of the body, responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and eliminating them in urine.
What is the role of kidneys in the urinary system?
What is the role of kidneys in the urinary system?
The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products, including excess water, ions, metabolic by-products like urea, and toxic substances.
Kidneys
Kidneys
Bilaterally located, bean-shaped organs responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.
Excretion
Excretion
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Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood volume
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Regulation of blood solute concentration
Regulation of blood solute concentration
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Regulation of extracellular fluid pH
Regulation of extracellular fluid pH
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What is a nephron?
What is a nephron?
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What are the two main components of the renal corpuscle?
What are the two main components of the renal corpuscle?
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What is the glomerulus and what is its main function?
What is the glomerulus and what is its main function?
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What is Bowman's capsule and what is its main function?
What is Bowman's capsule and what is its main function?
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Why are glomerular capillaries highly permeable?
Why are glomerular capillaries highly permeable?
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What type of cells make up the inner layer of Bowman's capsule and what is their function?
What type of cells make up the inner layer of Bowman's capsule and what is their function?
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Why is high pressure important for blood filtration in the glomerulus?
Why is high pressure important for blood filtration in the glomerulus?
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What is the role of the afferent and efferent arterioles in the glomerulus?
What is the role of the afferent and efferent arterioles in the glomerulus?
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What is the filtration membrane and what is its main function?
What is the filtration membrane and what is its main function?
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What do the loops of Henle and collecting ducts form?
What do the loops of Henle and collecting ducts form?
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What is the role of the interlobular vein in the kidney?
What is the role of the interlobular vein in the kidney?
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What are ureters and what do they do?
What are ureters and what do they do?
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What is the urinary bladder and its function?
What is the urinary bladder and its function?
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What is the trigone in the urinary bladder?
What is the trigone in the urinary bladder?
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What is the urethra and where does it transport urine?
What is the urethra and where does it transport urine?
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What is cystitis?
What is cystitis?
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What is the most common cause of cystitis?
What is the most common cause of cystitis?
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How does the length and opening of the urethra differ between males and females?
How does the length and opening of the urethra differ between males and females?
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Where is the male urethra located and what does it carry?
Where is the male urethra located and what does it carry?
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Transitional epithelium
Transitional epithelium
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Internal urethral sphincter
Internal urethral sphincter
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External urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter
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Filtration in the kidneys
Filtration in the kidneys
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Reabsorption in the kidneys
Reabsorption in the kidneys
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Secretion in the kidneys
Secretion in the kidneys
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Urine production
Urine production
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Blood pressure in filtration
Blood pressure in filtration
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Size filtration
Size filtration
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Filtration membrane
Filtration membrane
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Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Reabsorption
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Cells of the Thick Segment
Cells of the Thick Segment
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Countercurrent Mechanism
Countercurrent Mechanism
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Tubular Secretion
Tubular Secretion
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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Scrotum
Scrotum
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Seminiferous Tubules
Seminiferous Tubules
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Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism
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Inguinal Hernia
Inguinal Hernia
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Testes (Male gonads)
Testes (Male gonads)
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Sperm Development Temperature
Sperm Development Temperature
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Cremaster Muscles
Cremaster Muscles
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Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
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Leydig cells
Leydig cells
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Rete testis
Rete testis
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Epididymis
Epididymis
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Ductus deferens
Ductus deferens
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Spermatic cord
Spermatic cord
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Seminal vesicle
Seminal vesicle
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Prostate gland
Prostate gland
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Bulbourethral gland
Bulbourethral gland
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What are fimbriae?
What are fimbriae?
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What is the ampulla?
What is the ampulla?
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What is implantation?
What is implantation?
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What is the myometrium?
What is the myometrium?
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What is a prolapsed uterus?
What is a prolapsed uterus?
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Corpus Spongiosum
Corpus Spongiosum
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Prepuce
Prepuce
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Semen
Semen
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
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Ejaculation
Ejaculation
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Erection: What is the physiological process?
Erection: What is the physiological process?
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Artificial Insemination: How is it used for infertility?
Artificial Insemination: How is it used for infertility?
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Ovaries: What is their primary role?
Ovaries: What is their primary role?
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Ovarian Follicles: What do they contain?
Ovarian Follicles: What do they contain?
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Oocyte: What is it?
Oocyte: What is it?
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Uterine Tubes/Fallopian Tubes/Oviduct: What is their function?
Uterine Tubes/Fallopian Tubes/Oviduct: What is their function?
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Female Reproductive Organ Support: What structures provide it?
Female Reproductive Organ Support: What structures provide it?
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Broad Ligament: What is its function?
Broad Ligament: What is its function?
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Suspensory Ligament: What is its function?
Suspensory Ligament: What is its function?
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Ovarian Ligament: What is its function?
Ovarian Ligament: What is its function?
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What is the efferent division of the nervous system?
What is the efferent division of the nervous system?
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What are motor neurons?
What are motor neurons?
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What is the afferent division of the nervous system?
What is the afferent division of the nervous system?
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What is the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)?
What is the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)?
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What are neurons?
What are neurons?
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What are dendrites?
What are dendrites?
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What is an axon?
What is an axon?
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White Matter
White Matter
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Leak Channels
Leak Channels
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Gated Channels
Gated Channels
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
Sodium-Potassium Pump
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Resting Membrane Potential
Resting Membrane Potential
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Excitable Cells
Excitable Cells
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Neuron Communication
Neuron Communication
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Stage 1: Reception
Stage 1: Reception
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Stage 2: Conduction
Stage 2: Conduction
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What is an action potential?
What is an action potential?
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What are depolarization and repolarization?
What are depolarization and repolarization?
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What is hyperpolarization?
What is hyperpolarization?
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How do action potentials occur?
How do action potentials occur?
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What is the magnitude of action potentials?
What is the magnitude of action potentials?
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How do action potentials travel?
How do action potentials travel?
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What is continuous conduction?
What is continuous conduction?
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What is saltatory conduction?
What is saltatory conduction?
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What is a synapse?
What is a synapse?
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How does communication happen at the synapse?
How does communication happen at the synapse?
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Pons
Pons
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Midbrain
Midbrain
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Diencephalon
Diencephalon
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Thalamus
Thalamus
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What is a reflex arc?
What is a reflex arc?
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What is the withdrawal reflex?
What is the withdrawal reflex?
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What is a spinal nerve?
What is a spinal nerve?
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What is a dermatome?
What is a dermatome?
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What is a plexus?
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Lipid-soluble hormones
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Study Notes
Module 11: The Urinary System
- The urinary system is the major excretory system of the body.
- Other organ systems eliminate wastes, but they are not able to compensate for kidney failure.
- The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.
- Kidneys are major excretory organs.
- Kidneys filter a large volume of blood, removing wastes.
- Urine is comprised of excess water, ions, metabolic wastes (like urea), and toxic substances.
- The hilum (indentation) on the medial side of each kidney is where the renal artery and nerves enter, and the renal vein, ureter, and lymphatic vessels exit the kidney.
- Kidneys are bean-shaped organs located behind the parietal peritoneum.
- The renal pyramids extend from the cortex of the kidney to the renal sinus.
Urinary System Functions
- Excretion: Removes waste products from the blood, including metabolic byproducts. Other organs, like the skin, liver, lungs, and intestines also eliminate some wastes.
- Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure: Plays a crucial role in controlling the volume of extracellular fluid in the body. This regulation includes adjusting blood pressure.
- Regulation of blood solute concentration: Regulates the concentration of electrolytes and other substances like glucose, sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, and phosphate.
- Regulation of extracellular fluid pH: Removes excess H+ (hydrogen ions) to maintain homeostasis.
- Regulation of red blood cell synthesis: Produces erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow.
- Regulation of vitamin D synthesis: Influences calcium levels by regulating Vitamin D production.
- Excretes waste products like excess water, ions, and toxins.
Components of the Urinary System
- Kidneys: Bilateral, retroperitoneal organs, bean-shaped, each weighing roughly 5 ounces, positioned between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae. The right kidney is below the liver, and the left kidney is below the spleen.
- Surrounded by adipose tissue (fat) and connective tissue (renal fascia), anchoring the kidneys to the abdominal wall. The renal hilum is the medial indentation.
- The renal arteries carry blood to the kidneys, and renal veins take filtered blood away. The renal artery and vein pass through the renal hilum.
- Kidneys connect to the urinary bladder via ureters.
- The renal pyramids extend from the cortex of the kidney to the renal sinus.
The Nephron
- The histological and functional unit of the kidney.
- Approximately 1.3 million nephrons.
- Four regions: renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
- The renal corpuscle filters the blood, producing filtrate.
- The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus (network of capillaries) and Bowman's capsule (double-walled chamber surrounding the glomerulus), The afferent arteriole delivers blood to the glomerulus, and the efferent arteriole carries blood away.
- The Bowman's capsule contains filtration slits (fenestrae) which prevent filtration of large molecules, and it is highly porous.
- The filtration membrane allows filtration of water, glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules. Large plasma proteins and blood cells do not pass through.
Urine Flow
- Formed in the cortex and medulla, from tips of the renal pyramids via the nephron.
- Flowing to the renal pelvis and through the ureter to the urinary bladder.
- Stored in the urinary bladder until eliminated from the body via the urethra.
- Urine flows from the tips of the renal pyramids through the calyces, into the renal pelvis, and subsequently down the ureters to the bladder. The renal calyx surrounds the papilla of the renal pyramid, with multiple calyces uniting to form the renal pelvis.
Urinary System Summary
- The urinary system is the major excretory system, removing waste from the blood and plays a crucial role in maintaining extracellular fluid balance and various electrolyte concentrations.
- Key components include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- Nephrons, the functional units of the kidneys, filter blood and regulate the composition of urine via intricate filtration, reabsorption, and secretion mechanisms.
- Urine flow is regulated via the various structures and hormonal mechanisms involved.
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Description
This quiz on the urinary system will test your knowledge of its structure and functions. You'll explore how the kidneys and other organs play a vital role in excretion and regulation of bodily fluids. Understand the system's significance in maintaining homeostasis and the consequences of kidney failure.
