Module 11: The Urinary System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

  • Excretion of waste products (correct)
  • Production of hormones
  • Digestion of food
  • Respiration of oxygen

    • The urinary system consists of four primary components: kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.

    True

    What by-product of protein metabolism is primarily found in urine?

    urea

    The kidneys help regulate blood ___________ by controlling the extracellular fluid volume.

    <p>pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the urinary system with their functions:

    <p>Kidneys = Filter blood and produce urine Ureters = Transport urine to the bladder Urinary Bladder = Stores urine until excretion Urethra = Conducts urine out of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is NOT regulated by the urinary system?

    <p>Oxygen (O2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone produced by the kidneys regulates the synthesis of red blood cells?

    <p>erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism plays a key role in the kidneys' ability to conserve water?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubular secretion can only occur through active transport processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tubular secretion in the kidneys?

    <p>It moves nonfiltered substances from the blood into the filtrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major hormonal mechanism that involves the reabsorption of water is known as __________.

    <p>antidiuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following renal processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Reabsorption = Movement of substances from filtrate back into blood Tubular Secretion = Movement of nonfiltered substances into the filtrate Countercurrent mechanisms = Fluid flows in opposite directions to exchange materials Hormonal regulation = Adjusts permeabilities of tubules based on body's condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regions of a nephron is responsible for filtering blood?

    <p>Renal corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The loop of Henle helps to return filtered substances to the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of nephrons in the kidneys?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glomerulus is a network of __________ twisted around each other.

    <p>capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nephron structures with their functions:

    <p>Glomerulus = Filters blood Bowman capsule = Surrounds the glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule = Returns filtered substances to blood Loop of Henle = Conserves water and solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure carries the newly formed urine from the cortex toward the renal papilla?

    <p>Collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The walls of the Bowman capsule consist of simple cuboidal epithelial cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the glomerular capillaries particularly efficient at filtration?

    <p>Porous capillaries and high pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the chamber that surrounds the glomerulus.

    <p>Bowman capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ureters?

    <p>To carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trigone of the urinary bladder expands as the bladder fills with urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum capacity of the urinary bladder?

    <p>1000 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cystitis is an inflammation of the __________.

    <p>urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the most common cause of cystitis?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the male urethra approximately?

    <p>20 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The female urethra is longer than the male urethra.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urinary bladder is located in the __________ cavity.

    <p>pelvic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their descriptions:

    <p>Ureters = Carry urine from kidneys to bladder Trigone = Triangle-shaped region of bladder Cystitis = Inflammation of the urinary bladder Urethra = Tube for urine passage outside the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the smooth muscle contraction of the urinary bladder?

    <p>Stretching of the bladder wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines both the ureters and the urinary bladder?

    <p>Transitional epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internal urethral sphincter prevents urine leakage from the urinary bladder in females only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do smooth muscles play in the ureters and urinary bladder?

    <p>They contract to force urine flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filtration in kidneys is a __________ process that separates based on size or charge.

    <p>nonspecific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following urine production processes with their definitions:

    <p>Filtration = Nonselective separation based on size or charge Reabsorption = Returning substances from filtrate back to blood Secretion = Transporting substances from blood into nephron tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options is a function of the external urethral sphincter?

    <p>Control voluntary urine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reabsorption in the nephron involves moving substances from the nephron tubule back into the blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force for kidney filtration?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ contracts to prevent semen from entering the urinary bladder during sexual intercourse in males.

    <p>internal urethral sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct function of the kidneys?

    <p>Storage of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of fimbriae in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To help guide the secondary oocyte into the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fertilized oocyte embeds in the uterine wall during a process called implantation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three layers that compose the uterine wall.

    <p>perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the main part of the uterus, located below the fundus.

    <p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the female reproductive system with their descriptions:

    <p>Cervix = Narrow part of the uterus directed inferiorly Fundus = Superior rounded part of the uterus Fimbriae = Finger-like projections surrounding the uterine tube Ampulla = Site of fertilization in the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scrotum helps to keep the testes warm by expanding in colder temperatures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medical condition refers to the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?

    <p>Cryptorchidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sperm must develop at a temperature less than body temperature, with a permissive temperature of about ______ °C.

    <p>34</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the male reproductive structures with their functions:

    <p>Ductus deferens = Transports sperm from the epididymis Seminal vesicles = Produces seminal fluid Prostate gland = Secretes fluid that nourishes sperm Bulbourethral glands = Produces a lubricating fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle contracts to help pull the testes closer to the body?

    <p>Cremaster muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many seminiferous tubules are typically found within each testis?

    <p>250</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ovaries?

    <p>Produces oocytes and sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The uterine tubes extend from the ovaries to the external genitalia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the ligaments that help hold the internal reproductive organs in place.

    <p>Broad ligament, suspensory ligament, ovarian ligament, round ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The female reproductive cell is known as an __________.

    <p>oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Sertoli cells?

    <p>Nourish germ cells and produce hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reproductive components with their functions:

    <p>Ovaries = Produce oocytes and sex hormones Uterine tubes = Transport oocytes to the uterus Uterus = Supports fetal development Vagina = Serves as the birth canal and receives the penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sperm cells taken directly from the testes are capable of fertilizing oocytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of interstitial cells (Leydig cells)?

    <p>Secrete testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the enlargement and firmness of the penis?

    <p>Neural stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What undergoes capacitation after ejaculation of semen?

    <p>Sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The suspensory ligament contains ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure compresses veins during an erection?

    <p>Sinusoids in the erectile tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the male reproductive system with their descriptions:

    <p>Seminal Vesicles = Help form ejaculatory duct Prostate gland = Surrounds the urethra Bulbourethral gland = Secretes mucus Epididymis = Maturation of sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ ligament attaches the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus.

    <p>ovarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of the ductus deferens?

    <p>45 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prostatic urethra passes through the prostate gland.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure opens directly into the peritoneal cavity near each ovary?

    <p>Uterine tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ductus deferens is also known as the __________.

    <p>vas deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands decreases in size with age?

    <p>Bulbourethral gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of semen fluid is contributed by the seminal vesicles?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bulbourethral gland also functions to lubricate and neutralize acidity in the vagina.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the structure where sperm mature after leaving the testes.

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semen is a mixture of sperm and ________ from glands.

    <p>secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gland with its primary function:

    <p>Seminal Vesicles = Nourishment of sperm with fructose Prostate Gland = Regulates pH of semen Bulbourethral Gland = Lubricates the urethra Testes = Produces sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main roles of prostaglandins found in seminal fluid?

    <p>Stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the female reproductive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sperm can survive for up to 72 hours inside the female reproductive system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many milliliters of semen are typically ejaculated?

    <p>2 to 5 milliliters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corpus spongiosum surrounds the spongy ________.

    <p>urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland contributes to the coagulation of semen?

    <p>Seminal vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons transmit action potentials from the CNS to effector organs?

    <p>Motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) can function independently of the CNS.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three parts of a neuron.

    <p>Cell body, dendrites, axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ division transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

    <p>efferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of neuron with its function:

    <p>Motor neurons = Transmit signals to muscles and glands Sensory neurons = Transmit signals from sensory receptors to CNS Interneurons = Connect neurons within the CNS Efferent neurons = Transmit signals away from the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure contains a single nucleus and extensive rough ER?

    <p>Cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dendrites are primarily responsible for transmitting information away from the neuron cell body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT controlled by the pons?

    <p>Hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum is primarily responsible for regulating emotional responses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the thalamus?

    <p>To influence mood and process sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ consists of gray matter and is important for coordinating fine motor movements.

    <p>cerebellar cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:

    <p>Pons = Relay information between cerebrum and cerebellum Cerebellum = Coordination of fine motor movements Midbrain = Regulation of body movements Thalamus = Processing of sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the reflex arc?

    <p>Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patellar reflex is an example of a withdrawal reflex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of reflex arcs?

    <p>Stretch reflex and withdrawal reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves is called a __________.

    <p>dermatome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of spinal nerves with their corresponding regions:

    <p>Cervical = C1-C8 Thoracic = T1-T12 Lumbar = L1-L5 Sacral = S1-S5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plexus supplies the diaphragm?

    <p>Cervical plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in total.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many spinal nerves are categorized as lumbar?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflex pathways primarily occur in the __________ and __________.

    <p>spinal cord, brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following spinal nerves is responsible for innervating the lower limb?

    <p>Obturator nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conduction occurs in unmyelinated axons?

    <p>Continuous conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Action potentials can vary in magnitude from one occurrence to another.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brief phase where the cell membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential called?

    <p>Hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes is called the __________.

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of white matter in the CNS?

    <p>Bundles of parallel axons with myelin sheaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of conduction with their characteristics:

    <p>Continuous conduction = Occurs in unmyelinated axons Saltatory conduction = Action potentials jump between Nodes of Ranvier Action potential = Is an all-or-none response Resting membrane potential = State of the cell membrane before triggering action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain a higher concentration of K+ outside the cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two basic types of ion channels mentioned?

    <p>Leak channels and gated channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about action potentials is true?

    <p>They occur according to the all-or-none principle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During saltatory conduction, action potentials propagate at every part of the axon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The resting membrane potential is maintained by the __________ and leak channels.

    <p>sodium-potassium pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the presynaptic terminal in a synapse?

    <p>The end of the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of gated channels with their descriptions:

    <p>Chemically gated channels = Opened by neurotransmitters Voltage-gated channels = Opened by changes in membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the leak channels?

    <p>They are always open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperpolarization is caused by elevated permeability to __________ ions.

    <p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a synapse with their descriptions:

    <p>Presynaptic terminal = End of the axon that releases neurotransmitters Synaptic cleft = Space between neurons Postsynaptic membrane = Membrane of the receiving neuron Effector organ = Muscle or gland receiving signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons are considered non-excitable cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of ATP consumed by the sodium-potassium pump in a typical neuron?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The greater concentration of __________ outside the cell is essential for the action potential.

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones are classified as lipid-soluble hormones?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-soluble hormones can easily pass through the cell membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

    <p>Control center for the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pituitary gland is also known as the __________ gland because it controls the function of many other glands.

    <p>master</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary functions:

    <p>Thyroid hormones = Regulate metabolism Testosterone = Regulate male characteristics Aldosterone = Control sodium and potassium levels Epinephrine = Involve the fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormones includes protein hormones and peptides?

    <p>Water-soluble hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipid-soluble hormones circulate in the blood unprotected and are easily removed from the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two systems that hormones help to regulate.

    <p>Cardiovascular and reproductive systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-soluble hormones have _____ half-lives and are rapidly broken down in the bloodstream.

    <p>short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormone types with their characteristics:

    <p>Water-soluble hormones = Rapidly broken down and dissolve in blood Lipid-soluble hormones = Circulate unprotected and have longer half-lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a water-soluble hormone?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipid-soluble hormones can easily diffuse through cell membranes due to their nonpolar nature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates the levels of glucose and other nutrients in the blood?

    <p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones set into _____ to trigger various physiological processes.

    <p>motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?

    <p>Formation of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones can only act locally and cannot travel through the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of the endocrine system called?

    <p>Endocrinology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormones secreted by endocrine glands diffuse into the _____ to be transported to their target tissues.

    <p>bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions of the endocrine system with their descriptions:

    <p>Regulation of metabolism = Controls the rate of nutrient utilization and energy production Control of food intake = Regulates the level of satiation and breakdown of food Modulation of tissue development = Influences the development of tissues like the nervous system Regulation of water balance = Controls the solute concentration and membrane permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?

    <p>Endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines secreted by white blood cells act locally on neighboring cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a self-limiting system in hormone regulation?

    <p>Thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback mechanisms promote the secretion of a hormone even after blood levels reach a certain point.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of system is established when a hormone inhibits its own secretion?

    <p>negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The portion of a receptor where a hormone binds is known as the ______.

    <p>receptor site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormone with its corresponding action:

    <p>TRH = Stimulates TSH release GnRH = Stimulates LH release Estrogen = Stimulates ovulation Insulin = Regulates blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of hormone receptors?

    <p>Facilitate hormone binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only hormones with high concentrations can activate a significant number of their receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of feedback mechanism is involved in prolonged estrogen stimulation?

    <p>positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a self-propagating system that promotes hormone synthesis and secretion.

    <p>positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone serves as a key regulator of blood hormone levels and can inhibit its own secretion?

    <p>TRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following modifications helps protect hormones from destruction?

    <p>Having a carbohydrate attached to them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'humoral' refers to hormones released due to neural stimuli.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of binding proteins in hormone circulation?

    <p>They protect hormones and allow them to circulate longer in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to secrete the hormone __________.

    <p>insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of stimuli to its description:

    <p>Humoral Stimuli = Hormone release due to molecules in the bloodstream Neural Stimuli = Hormone secretion initiated by neurotransmitter signals Hormonal Stimuli = Hormone that stimulates the secretion of other hormones Inhibition of Hormone Release = Counteracting effects of a secreted hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to low blood pressure?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neural stimuli directly stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete hormones during exercise.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates other endocrine glands.

    <p>Tropic hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) works to __________ blood pressure.

    <p>lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones directly stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas?

    <p>Elevated blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Module 11: The Urinary System

    • The urinary system is the major excretory system of the body.
    • Other organ systems eliminate wastes, but they are not able to compensate for kidney failure.
    • The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.
    • Kidneys are major excretory organs.
    • Kidneys filter a large volume of blood, removing wastes.
    • Urine is comprised of excess water, ions, metabolic wastes (like urea), and toxic substances.
    • The hilum (indentation) on the medial side of each kidney is where the renal artery and nerves enter, and the renal vein, ureter, and lymphatic vessels exit the kidney.
    • Kidneys are bean-shaped organs located behind the parietal peritoneum.
    • The renal pyramids extend from the cortex of the kidney to the renal sinus.

    Urinary System Functions

    • Excretion: Removes waste products from the blood, including metabolic byproducts. Other organs, like the skin, liver, lungs, and intestines also eliminate some wastes.
    • Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure: Plays a crucial role in controlling the volume of extracellular fluid in the body. This regulation includes adjusting blood pressure.
    • Regulation of blood solute concentration: Regulates the concentration of electrolytes and other substances like glucose, sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, and phosphate.
    • Regulation of extracellular fluid pH: Removes excess H+ (hydrogen ions) to maintain homeostasis.
    • Regulation of red blood cell synthesis: Produces erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow.
    • Regulation of vitamin D synthesis: Influences calcium levels by regulating Vitamin D production.
    • Excretes waste products like excess water, ions, and toxins.

    Components of the Urinary System

    • Kidneys: Bilateral, retroperitoneal organs, bean-shaped, each weighing roughly 5 ounces, positioned between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae. The right kidney is below the liver, and the left kidney is below the spleen.
    • Surrounded by adipose tissue (fat) and connective tissue (renal fascia), anchoring the kidneys to the abdominal wall. The renal hilum is the medial indentation.
    • The renal arteries carry blood to the kidneys, and renal veins take filtered blood away. The renal artery and vein pass through the renal hilum.
    • Kidneys connect to the urinary bladder via ureters.
    • The renal pyramids extend from the cortex of the kidney to the renal sinus.

    The Nephron

    • The histological and functional unit of the kidney.
    • Approximately 1.3 million nephrons.
    • Four regions: renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
    • The renal corpuscle filters the blood, producing filtrate.
    • The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus (network of capillaries) and Bowman's capsule (double-walled chamber surrounding the glomerulus), The afferent arteriole delivers blood to the glomerulus, and the efferent arteriole carries blood away.
    • The Bowman's capsule contains filtration slits (fenestrae) which prevent filtration of large molecules, and it is highly porous.
    • The filtration membrane allows filtration of water, glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules. Large plasma proteins and blood cells do not pass through.

    Urine Flow

    • Formed in the cortex and medulla, from tips of the renal pyramids via the nephron.
    • Flowing to the renal pelvis and through the ureter to the urinary bladder.
    • Stored in the urinary bladder until eliminated from the body via the urethra.
    • Urine flows from the tips of the renal pyramids through the calyces, into the renal pelvis, and subsequently down the ureters to the bladder. The renal calyx surrounds the papilla of the renal pyramid, with multiple calyces uniting to form the renal pelvis.

    Urinary System Summary

    • The urinary system is the major excretory system, removing waste from the blood and plays a crucial role in maintaining extracellular fluid balance and various electrolyte concentrations.
    • Key components include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
    • Nephrons, the functional units of the kidneys, filter blood and regulate the composition of urine via intricate filtration, reabsorption, and secretion mechanisms.
    • Urine flow is regulated via the various structures and hormonal mechanisms involved.

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    Related Documents

    Module 11: The Urinary System PDF
    Module 12: The Reproductive System PDF
    Module 14: The Nervous System PDF
    Module 13: The Endocrine System PDF

    Description

    This quiz on the urinary system will test your knowledge of its structure and functions. You'll explore how the kidneys and other organs play a vital role in excretion and regulation of bodily fluids. Understand the system's significance in maintaining homeostasis and the consequences of kidney failure.

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