Module 1: Intro to Pharmacology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of pharmacogenetics?

Research on drugs derived from natural sources.

Study of drug interactions.

Examination of harmful effects of drugs.

Understanding genetic factors that influence drug responses. (correct)

Which term describes the unintended secondary effects of a drug?

Side effect (correct)

Therapeutic effect

Drug allergy

Cumulative effect

What does drug tolerance refer to?

A decreased response to a drug after repeated use. (correct)

A severe allergic reaction following drug administration.

An immune reaction to a drug.

The need for drug use that may lead to addiction.

Which of the following best defines pharmacodynamics?

Study of how a drug works in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when one drug enhances the effect of another drug?

Potentiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ involved in the metabolism of drugs?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe the time taken for a drug to reach its minimum effective concentration?

Onset time Signup and view all the answers

What is a palliative therapeutic action?

Relieving symptoms without curing the disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for cardiac glycosides like Digoxin?

Inhibit sodium-potassium pump, increasing intracellular calcium. Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is classified as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor?

Milrinone Signup and view all the answers

What effect do nitrates primarily have on the cardiovascular system?

Vasodilate coronary arteries and reduce myocardial ischemia. Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible side effect of non-selective beta blockers?

Bronchospasm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use for beta blockers?

As a phosphodiesterase inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with the rapid administration of nitrates?

Reflex tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for sympatholytic drugs?

Decrease cardiac output by vasodilation. Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is an example of a vasodilator?

Hydralazine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 Rights of Medication Administration?

Right Time of Day Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antihistamines?

Block H1 receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of effect for diphenhydramine?

4-8 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antihistamine is least likely to cause sedation?

Fexofenadine Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of drugs under the Controlled Substances Act?

Based on abuse potential Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of first-generation antihistamines?

Blurred vision Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is a nonnarcotic antitussive?

Dextromethorphan Signup and view all the answers

Which act promotes the use of generic drug names in the Philippines?

Generics Act Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for Epoetin Alfa?

Stimulates RBC production in chronic renal failure Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacodynamic action is associated with Heparin?

Inhibits thrombin and fibrin formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse reactions is common with Warfarin?

Bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is a common interaction risk when combining aspirin with other medications?

Enhanced bleeding risk Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used specifically for acute myocardial infarction?

Alteplase Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do thrombolytic drugs use to treat clots?

Convert plasminogen to plasmin Signup and view all the answers

What adverse reaction is associated with Streptokinase?

Allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pharmacodynamic effect of bile-sequestering drugs like Cholestyramine?

Lower LDL cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors?

Block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antidysrhythmic agents is known to increase the refractory period?

Class III: Drugs that Prolong Repolarization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common form of iron used to treat iron deficiency anemia?

Ferrous sulfate Signup and view all the answers

What side effect may occur as a result of taking ACE inhibitors?

Persistent cough Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is classified as a Class IB sodium channel blocker?

Lidocaine Signup and view all the answers

What adverse reaction can occur from iron supplements?

Darkened stool Signup and view all the answers

Why is vitamin B12 important for red blood cell production?

It is a building block for hemoglobin synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What can reduce the absorption of iron supplements?

Antacids Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Module 1: Introduction to Pharmacology and Drugs

Lesson 1: Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology

Pharmacology explores drug properties and their effects on living systems.
Pharmacogenetics studies how genetic variations affect individual responses to drugs.
Pharmacognosy focuses on drugs obtained from natural sources.
Pharmacy encompasses the preparation and dispensing of medications.
Toxicology investigates the harmful impacts of drugs.
Posology deals with drug dosages used in treat disease.

Therapeutic effect signifies the intended beneficial outcome of a drug.
Side effect refers to unintended secondary effects caused by drugs.
Drug Allergy involves an immune response against a drug.
Anaphylactic Reaction arises as a severe allergic response following drug intake.
Drug Tolerance indicates a reduced response to drugs after repeated use.
Cumulative Effect occurs when increased drug effects accumulate with additional doses.

Drug Misuse and Dependence

Drug Abuse entails the inappropriate use of substances.
Drug Dependence describes the necessity for drug use, potentially leading to Addiction.
Habituation reflects emotional reliance on a drug.

Drug Interactions

Antagonism occurs when one drug diminishes the effect of another.
Synergism describes a scenario where two drugs produce a greater effect together than alone.
Potentiation involves one drug enhancing the effect of another.

Therapeutic Actions

Palliative treatments alleviate symptoms without curing the underlying condition.
Curative interventions target and treat the root cause of disease.
Supportive therapies maintain body functions during illness treatment.
Substitutive therapies provide missing substances in the body.

Lesson 2: Major Areas of Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption involves the entry of drugs into the bloodstream; factors affecting it include blood flow and dosage form.
Distribution pertains to drug dispersion throughout the body, influenced by circulation and membrane permeability.
Metabolism primarily occurs in the liver, transforming drugs into active or inactive forms.
Excretion involves eliminating drugs, mainly through the kidneys.

Pharmacodynamics

Mechanism of Action (MOA) explains how a drug produces its effects.
Indication defines the intended use of a drug.
Contraindication highlights situations in which a drug should not be used.
Agonists activate receptors to produce a response.
Antagonists block or reduce receptor activity.

Onset, Peak, and Duration

Onset is the period required to achieve minimum effective concentration of a drug.
Peak represents the time of maximum drug concentration in the bloodstream.
Duration indicates how long the drug's effects last.

Lesson 3: Principles of Drug Administration

10 Rights of Medication Administration

Ensuring the Right Client, Right Medication, Right Dose, Right Time, Right Route, Right Documentation, Right Education, Right to Refuse, Right Assessment, and Right Evaluation promotes safe medication practices.

Sources of Drug Information

Reliable information can be found in drug handbooks, medical journals, nursing journals, and package inserts.

Legal Aspects

Controlled Substances Act (1970) classifies drugs based on their potential for abuse.
Generics Act (Philippines, 1988) encourages the use of generic drug names.
Cheaper Medicines Act (Philippines, 2008) aims to ensure affordable access to medications.

Module 2: Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System

Lesson 1: Antihistamines & Antitussives

Antihistamines

Function: Block H1 receptors to reduce secretions, aiding in the relief of colds and allergic rhinitis.
Types:
- 1st Generation: Known for causing sedation (e.g., diphenhydramine).
- 2nd Generation: Less sedative effects (e.g., cetirizine, fexofenadine, loratadine).

Antihistamines Pharmacokinetics

Diphenhydramine is well-absorbed with high protein binding, metabolized in the liver, and excreted via urine.
Onset: 15 minutes orally, immediate IV/IM; Duration: 4-8 hours.

Side Effects

Common side effects of 1st Generation antihistamines include drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, and urinary retention.

Antitussives

Suppress coughing by targeting the cough center in the medulla and are used for nonproductive coughs.
Types:
- Nonnarcotic: e.g., Dextromethorphan.
- Narcotic: e.g., Codeine, Hydrocodone.

Pharmacokinetics of Dextromethorphan

Rapid absorption with effects beginning in 15-30 minutes; metabolized in the liver and excreted via kidneys.

Module 3: Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System

Cardiotonic Drugs

Cardiac Glycosides: Increase intracellular calcium, enhancing myocardial contractility. Used for atrial fibrillation and flutter.
Digoxin (Lanoxin) is a well-known cardiac glycoside.

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Inhibit phosphodiesterase, increasing calcium influx. Administered intravenously for acute heart failure.

Antianginal Drugs

Nitrates: Induce vasodilation of coronary arteries. Beta-blockers reduce heart rate and oxygen demand. Calcium Channel Blockers relax coronary arteries.

Antihypertensive Drugs

Sympatholytic Drugs inhibit sympathetic activity, leading to reduced blood pressure. ACE Inhibitors block the RAAS, causing lower blood pressure.

Antidysrhythmic Agents

Classes of drugs that modify ionic currents to address dysrhythmia, involving sodium channel blockers, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers.

Module 4: Drugs Acting on the Hematologic System

Hematinic Drugs

Iron: Treats Iron Deficiency Anemia. Absorbed in the duodenum, important for RBC production and hemoglobin synthesis.
Vitamin B12: Prescribed for pernicious anemia.
Folic Acid: Prevents deficiency during pregnancy and treats hemolytic anemia.

Anticoagulant Drugs

Heparin: Prevents clot formation by inhibiting thrombin.
Warfarin: Long-term anticoagulation with dietary interactions affecting vitamin K.

Thrombolytic Drugs

Convert plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve clots. Drugs include Alteplase and Streptokinase.

Antilipemic Drugs

Bile-Sequestering Agents lower LDL cholesterol by binding bile acids in the intestines, impacting cholesterol metabolism.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of pharmacology in this quiz. Learn about key areas such as pharmacogenetics, pharmacognosy, and toxicology. This introductory module sets the groundwork for understanding how drugs interact with living systems.