Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of pharmacogenetics?
What is the primary focus of pharmacogenetics?
Which term describes the unintended secondary effects of a drug?
Which term describes the unintended secondary effects of a drug?
What does drug tolerance refer to?
What does drug tolerance refer to?
Which of the following best defines pharmacodynamics?
Which of the following best defines pharmacodynamics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for when one drug enhances the effect of another drug?
What is the term for when one drug enhances the effect of another drug?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary organ involved in the metabolism of drugs?
What is the primary organ involved in the metabolism of drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term is used to describe the time taken for a drug to reach its minimum effective concentration?
Which term is used to describe the time taken for a drug to reach its minimum effective concentration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a palliative therapeutic action?
What is a palliative therapeutic action?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action for cardiac glycosides like Digoxin?
What is the primary mechanism of action for cardiac glycosides like Digoxin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug is classified as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor?
Which drug is classified as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect do nitrates primarily have on the cardiovascular system?
What effect do nitrates primarily have on the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a possible side effect of non-selective beta blockers?
What is a possible side effect of non-selective beta blockers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a use for beta blockers?
Which of the following is NOT a use for beta blockers?
Signup and view all the answers
What risk is associated with the rapid administration of nitrates?
What risk is associated with the rapid administration of nitrates?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action for sympatholytic drugs?
What is the mechanism of action for sympatholytic drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug is an example of a vasodilator?
Which drug is an example of a vasodilator?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 Rights of Medication Administration?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 Rights of Medication Administration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of antihistamines?
What is the primary function of antihistamines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the duration of effect for diphenhydramine?
What is the duration of effect for diphenhydramine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of antihistamine is least likely to cause sedation?
Which type of antihistamine is least likely to cause sedation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the classification of drugs under the Controlled Substances Act?
What is the classification of drugs under the Controlled Substances Act?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common side effect of first-generation antihistamines?
What is a common side effect of first-generation antihistamines?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following substances is a nonnarcotic antitussive?
Which of the following substances is a nonnarcotic antitussive?
Signup and view all the answers
Which act promotes the use of generic drug names in the Philippines?
Which act promotes the use of generic drug names in the Philippines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary indication for Epoetin Alfa?
What is the primary indication for Epoetin Alfa?
Signup and view all the answers
Which pharmacodynamic action is associated with Heparin?
Which pharmacodynamic action is associated with Heparin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following adverse reactions is common with Warfarin?
Which of the following adverse reactions is common with Warfarin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common interaction risk when combining aspirin with other medications?
What is a common interaction risk when combining aspirin with other medications?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug is used specifically for acute myocardial infarction?
Which drug is used specifically for acute myocardial infarction?
Signup and view all the answers
What mechanism do thrombolytic drugs use to treat clots?
What mechanism do thrombolytic drugs use to treat clots?
Signup and view all the answers
What adverse reaction is associated with Streptokinase?
What adverse reaction is associated with Streptokinase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary pharmacodynamic effect of bile-sequestering drugs like Cholestyramine?
What is the primary pharmacodynamic effect of bile-sequestering drugs like Cholestyramine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors?
What is the primary mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of antidysrhythmic agents is known to increase the refractory period?
Which class of antidysrhythmic agents is known to increase the refractory period?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common form of iron used to treat iron deficiency anemia?
Which of the following is a common form of iron used to treat iron deficiency anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What side effect may occur as a result of taking ACE inhibitors?
What side effect may occur as a result of taking ACE inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug is classified as a Class IB sodium channel blocker?
Which drug is classified as a Class IB sodium channel blocker?
Signup and view all the answers
What adverse reaction can occur from iron supplements?
What adverse reaction can occur from iron supplements?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is vitamin B12 important for red blood cell production?
Why is vitamin B12 important for red blood cell production?
Signup and view all the answers
What can reduce the absorption of iron supplements?
What can reduce the absorption of iron supplements?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Module 1: Introduction to Pharmacology and Drugs
Lesson 1: Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology
- Pharmacology explores drug properties and their effects on living systems.
- Pharmacogenetics studies how genetic variations affect individual responses to drugs.
- Pharmacognosy focuses on drugs obtained from natural sources.
- Pharmacy encompasses the preparation and dispensing of medications.
- Toxicology investigates the harmful impacts of drugs.
- Posology deals with drug dosages used in treat disease.
Terms Related to Drug Effects
- Therapeutic effect signifies the intended beneficial outcome of a drug.
- Side effect refers to unintended secondary effects caused by drugs.
- Drug Allergy involves an immune response against a drug.
- Anaphylactic Reaction arises as a severe allergic response following drug intake.
- Drug Tolerance indicates a reduced response to drugs after repeated use.
- Cumulative Effect occurs when increased drug effects accumulate with additional doses.
Drug Misuse and Dependence
- Drug Abuse entails the inappropriate use of substances.
- Drug Dependence describes the necessity for drug use, potentially leading to Addiction.
- Habituation reflects emotional reliance on a drug.
Drug Interactions
- Antagonism occurs when one drug diminishes the effect of another.
- Synergism describes a scenario where two drugs produce a greater effect together than alone.
- Potentiation involves one drug enhancing the effect of another.
Therapeutic Actions
- Palliative treatments alleviate symptoms without curing the underlying condition.
- Curative interventions target and treat the root cause of disease.
- Supportive therapies maintain body functions during illness treatment.
- Substitutive therapies provide missing substances in the body.
Lesson 2: Major Areas of Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption involves the entry of drugs into the bloodstream; factors affecting it include blood flow and dosage form.
- Distribution pertains to drug dispersion throughout the body, influenced by circulation and membrane permeability.
- Metabolism primarily occurs in the liver, transforming drugs into active or inactive forms.
- Excretion involves eliminating drugs, mainly through the kidneys.
Pharmacodynamics
- Mechanism of Action (MOA) explains how a drug produces its effects.
- Indication defines the intended use of a drug.
- Contraindication highlights situations in which a drug should not be used.
- Agonists activate receptors to produce a response.
- Antagonists block or reduce receptor activity.
Onset, Peak, and Duration
- Onset is the period required to achieve minimum effective concentration of a drug.
- Peak represents the time of maximum drug concentration in the bloodstream.
- Duration indicates how long the drug's effects last.
Lesson 3: Principles of Drug Administration
10 Rights of Medication Administration
- Ensuring the Right Client, Right Medication, Right Dose, Right Time, Right Route, Right Documentation, Right Education, Right to Refuse, Right Assessment, and Right Evaluation promotes safe medication practices.
Sources of Drug Information
- Reliable information can be found in drug handbooks, medical journals, nursing journals, and package inserts.
Legal Aspects
- Controlled Substances Act (1970) classifies drugs based on their potential for abuse.
- Generics Act (Philippines, 1988) encourages the use of generic drug names.
- Cheaper Medicines Act (Philippines, 2008) aims to ensure affordable access to medications.
Module 2: Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System
Lesson 1: Antihistamines & Antitussives
Antihistamines
- Function: Block H1 receptors to reduce secretions, aiding in the relief of colds and allergic rhinitis.
-
Types:
- 1st Generation: Known for causing sedation (e.g., diphenhydramine).
- 2nd Generation: Less sedative effects (e.g., cetirizine, fexofenadine, loratadine).
Antihistamines Pharmacokinetics
- Diphenhydramine is well-absorbed with high protein binding, metabolized in the liver, and excreted via urine.
- Onset: 15 minutes orally, immediate IV/IM; Duration: 4-8 hours.
Side Effects
- Common side effects of 1st Generation antihistamines include drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, and urinary retention.
Antitussives
- Suppress coughing by targeting the cough center in the medulla and are used for nonproductive coughs.
-
Types:
- Nonnarcotic: e.g., Dextromethorphan.
- Narcotic: e.g., Codeine, Hydrocodone.
Pharmacokinetics of Dextromethorphan
- Rapid absorption with effects beginning in 15-30 minutes; metabolized in the liver and excreted via kidneys.
Module 3: Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System
Cardiotonic Drugs
- Cardiac Glycosides: Increase intracellular calcium, enhancing myocardial contractility. Used for atrial fibrillation and flutter.
- Digoxin (Lanoxin) is a well-known cardiac glycoside.
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
- Inhibit phosphodiesterase, increasing calcium influx. Administered intravenously for acute heart failure.
Antianginal Drugs
- Nitrates: Induce vasodilation of coronary arteries. Beta-blockers reduce heart rate and oxygen demand. Calcium Channel Blockers relax coronary arteries.
Antihypertensive Drugs
- Sympatholytic Drugs inhibit sympathetic activity, leading to reduced blood pressure. ACE Inhibitors block the RAAS, causing lower blood pressure.
Antidysrhythmic Agents
- Classes of drugs that modify ionic currents to address dysrhythmia, involving sodium channel blockers, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers.
Module 4: Drugs Acting on the Hematologic System
Hematinic Drugs
- Iron: Treats Iron Deficiency Anemia. Absorbed in the duodenum, important for RBC production and hemoglobin synthesis.
- Vitamin B12: Prescribed for pernicious anemia.
- Folic Acid: Prevents deficiency during pregnancy and treats hemolytic anemia.
Anticoagulant Drugs
- Heparin: Prevents clot formation by inhibiting thrombin.
- Warfarin: Long-term anticoagulation with dietary interactions affecting vitamin K.
Thrombolytic Drugs
- Convert plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve clots. Drugs include Alteplase and Streptokinase.
Antilipemic Drugs
- Bile-Sequestering Agents lower LDL cholesterol by binding bile acids in the intestines, impacting cholesterol metabolism.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of pharmacology in this quiz. Learn about key areas such as pharmacogenetics, pharmacognosy, and toxicology. This introductory module sets the groundwork for understanding how drugs interact with living systems.