Modes of Transmission and Portals of Entry for Pathogens
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Questions and Answers

Which aspect of epidemiology refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person?

  • Distribution
  • Frequency
  • Pattern (correct)
  • Determinants

In epidemiology, what does frequency refer to?

  • The cases and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease
  • The number of health events in a population (correct)
  • The occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person
  • The study of the distribution of health-related states

What do epidemiologists assume about illness in a population?

  • Illness is always linked to age and sex
  • Illness occurs randomly
  • Illness happens when the right accumulation of risk factors exists (correct)
  • Illness occurs only in individuals

What distinguishes how epidemiologists and direct health care providers view the patient?

<p>Whether they focus on individual health or collective health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data collection method is typically associated with qualitative epidemiology?

<p>Field observations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the father of modern vital statistics and surveillance in epidemiology?

<p>William Farr (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was John Snow's contribution to the field of epidemiology during the cholera outbreak in London?

<p>He linked exposure to illness through hypothesis testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with analytic studies in epidemiology?

<p>Describing an outbreak in terms of person, place, time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes public health surveillance from field investigations in epidemiology?

<p>Public health surveillance portrays patterns of disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Hippocrates contribute to epidemiology in his essay 'On Airs, Waters, and Places'?

<p>By suggesting environmental factors influence disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of epidemiologists in public health settings?

<p>Providing input, testimony, and recommendations regarding disease control strategies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do case definitions in epidemiology sometimes change over time?

<p>As more information is obtained (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of a sensitive case definition in epidemiology?

<p>Includes most or all of the true cases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an epidemiologist compare rates over time?

<p>By dividing the number of cases by the population size per unit of time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of a case definition in epidemiology?

<p>Lab tests, signs, and symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data comparison would be most relevant for Exercise 1.1 question 1?

<p>Comparing food intake of persons with Staphylococcus food poisoning to those without (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes Exercise 1.2 unique compared to Exercise 1.1?

<p>Exercise 1.2 involves tracking West Nile virus infection cases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which exercise involves the recommendation of Rifampin for close contacts due to a specific disease outbreak?

<p>Exercise 1.1 question 5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of comparison is mentioned in Exercise 1.1 question 2?

<p>Cancer frequency comparison between specific groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the main focus of Exercise 1.2 based on the provided text?

<p>Investigating a West Nile virus outbreak among residents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In analytic epidemiology, what is the key feature that helps identify and quantify the relationship between an exposure and a health outcome?

<p>Comparison group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study begins by enrolling individuals with a specific disease?

<p>Case-control study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Rothman's Pie model of disease causation?

<p>All pieces of the pie must fall into place for a disease to occur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the correct sequence in the chain of infection?

<p>Portal of Exit -&gt; Mode of Transmission -&gt; Portal of Entry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reservoir is represented by plants, soil, and water in the context of infections?

<p>Environmental reservoir (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the proportion of exposed persons who become infected by a pathogen?

<p>Infectivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered as a risk factor influencing a host's susceptibility to a disease?

<p>Meteorology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Hyperendemic' refer to in the context of disease occurrence?

<p>An often sudden increase of cases at a higher than expected level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering the modes of transmission, which of the following is an example of indirect transmission?

<p>Vehicleborne transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Epidemiologic Triad relates to the infectious microorganism or pathogen necessary for disease occurrence?

<p>Agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of a Point Source outbreak?

<p>Group exposed over a relatively brief period (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is typical of a Continuous Common Source outbreak?

<p>Exposure to the infectious agent occurs over days or weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of outbreak has cases occurring over more than one incubation period?

<p>Propagated Mixed Outbreak (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model includes components such as the triad, chain of infection, and pie difference?

<p>Epidemiologic functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of transmission do cases occur over more than one incubation period?

<p>Propagated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a mixed outbreak?

<p>'Cases occur over more than one incubation periods' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Continuous Common Source' outbreaks involve case-patients exposed over which time frame?

<p>'Weeks' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Intermittent Common Source' outbreaks exhibit what kind of exposure pattern?

<p>'Irregular exposure' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Propagated' transmission typically involves which mode of spread?

<p>'Direct person-to-person' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Common-source' outbreaks may be classified as which of the following?

<p>'Point, continuous, intermittent' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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