Modes of Transmission and Portals of Entry for Pathogens
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Questions and Answers

Which aspect of epidemiology refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person?

  • Distribution
  • Frequency
  • Pattern (correct)
  • Determinants

    • In epidemiology, what does frequency refer to?

  • The cases and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease
  • The number of health events in a population (correct)
  • The occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person
  • The study of the distribution of health-related states

    • What do epidemiologists assume about illness in a population?

  • Illness is always linked to age and sex
  • Illness occurs randomly
  • Illness happens when the right accumulation of risk factors exists (correct)
  • Illness occurs only in individuals

    • What distinguishes how epidemiologists and direct health care providers view the patient?

    <p>Whether they focus on individual health or collective health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data collection method is typically associated with qualitative epidemiology?

    <p>Field observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the father of modern vital statistics and surveillance in epidemiology?

    <p>William Farr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was John Snow's contribution to the field of epidemiology during the cholera outbreak in London?

    <p>He linked exposure to illness through hypothesis testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with analytic studies in epidemiology?

    <p>Describing an outbreak in terms of person, place, time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes public health surveillance from field investigations in epidemiology?

    <p>Public health surveillance portrays patterns of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Hippocrates contribute to epidemiology in his essay 'On Airs, Waters, and Places'?

    <p>By suggesting environmental factors influence disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of epidemiologists in public health settings?

    <p>Providing input, testimony, and recommendations regarding disease control strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do case definitions in epidemiology sometimes change over time?

    <p>As more information is obtained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of a sensitive case definition in epidemiology?

    <p>Includes most or all of the true cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an epidemiologist compare rates over time?

    <p>By dividing the number of cases by the population size per unit of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a case definition in epidemiology?

    <p>Lab tests, signs, and symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data comparison would be most relevant for Exercise 1.1 question 1?

    <p>Comparing food intake of persons with Staphylococcus food poisoning to those without</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Exercise 1.2 unique compared to Exercise 1.1?

    <p>Exercise 1.2 involves tracking West Nile virus infection cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which exercise involves the recommendation of Rifampin for close contacts due to a specific disease outbreak?

    <p>Exercise 1.1 question 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of comparison is mentioned in Exercise 1.1 question 2?

    <p>Cancer frequency comparison between specific groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the main focus of Exercise 1.2 based on the provided text?

    <p>Investigating a West Nile virus outbreak among residents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In analytic epidemiology, what is the key feature that helps identify and quantify the relationship between an exposure and a health outcome?

    <p>Comparison group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study begins by enrolling individuals with a specific disease?

    <p>Case-control study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Rothman's Pie model of disease causation?

    <p>All pieces of the pie must fall into place for a disease to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the correct sequence in the chain of infection?

    <p>Portal of Exit -&gt; Mode of Transmission -&gt; Portal of Entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reservoir is represented by plants, soil, and water in the context of infections?

    <p>Environmental reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the proportion of exposed persons who become infected by a pathogen?

    <p>Infectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered as a risk factor influencing a host's susceptibility to a disease?

    <p>Meteorology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Hyperendemic' refer to in the context of disease occurrence?

    <p>An often sudden increase of cases at a higher than expected level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering the modes of transmission, which of the following is an example of indirect transmission?

    <p>Vehicleborne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Epidemiologic Triad relates to the infectious microorganism or pathogen necessary for disease occurrence?

    <p>Agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of a Point Source outbreak?

    <p>Group exposed over a relatively brief period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is typical of a Continuous Common Source outbreak?

    <p>Exposure to the infectious agent occurs over days or weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of outbreak has cases occurring over more than one incubation period?

    <p>Propagated Mixed Outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model includes components such as the triad, chain of infection, and pie difference?

    <p>Epidemiologic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of transmission do cases occur over more than one incubation period?

    <p>Propagated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a mixed outbreak?

    <p>'Cases occur over more than one incubation periods'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Continuous Common Source' outbreaks involve case-patients exposed over which time frame?

    <p>'Weeks'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Intermittent Common Source' outbreaks exhibit what kind of exposure pattern?

    <p>'Irregular exposure'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Propagated' transmission typically involves which mode of spread?

    <p>'Direct person-to-person'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Common-source' outbreaks may be classified as which of the following?

    <p>'Point, continuous, intermittent'</p> Signup and view all the answers

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