41 Questions
Which of the following diseases is NOT transmitted through direct contact?
Legionella
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of airborne pathogens to facilitate transmission?
Pathogen causes vomiting and diarrhea
Which of the following is an adaptation of waterborne pathogens to facilitate transmission?
Halotolerant
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of vector-borne pathogens to facilitate transmission?
Poorly understood at present
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of faecol-oral pathogens to facilitate transmission?
Inability to survive in low oxygen environments
Which of the following is an adaptation of soil-borne pathogens to facilitate transmission?
Form endospores to resist water
Which of the following is an adaptation of sexually transmitted diseases to facilitate transmission?
Unprotected sexual activity facilitates transmission
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of blood-borne pathogens to facilitate growth and development?
Capable of uterine invasion
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of vertically transmitted diseases to facilitate transmission?
Unprotected sexual activity facilitates transmission
Which of the following is NOT a method of indirect transmission of pathogens?
Sexual contact
Question 1
What is the definition of transmission of a pathogen?
Answer 1
Transmission of a pathogen refers to the passing of the pathogen from one host to another, directly or indirectly.
Question 2
What are the two types of direct transmission?
Answer 2
The two types of direct transmission are sneezing/coughing and sexual contact.
Question 3
What is indirect transmission?
Answer 3
Indirect transmission is when a pathogen is passed through touching a contaminated surface or object or via a vector.
Question 4
What are the adaptations of airborne pathogens to facilitate transmission?
Answer 4
The adaptations of airborne pathogens include the ability to remain suspended in air for long periods, resist drying out, cause sneezing and coughing, and tolerate a wide range of oxygen concentrations.
Question 5
What are the adaptations of waterborne pathogens to facilitate transmission?
Answer 5
The adaptations of waterborne pathogens include the ability to colonize and proliferate in water, have modified outer surface structures for motility, be halotolerant, and not be destroyed by simple boiling or water treatment processes.
Question 6
What are the adaptations of vector-borne pathogens to facilitate transmission?
Answer 6
The adaptations of vector-borne pathogens include using specific vectors for transmission, producing special surface proteins for attachment to vector tissues, and synchronizing their life cycle with the feeding habits of hosts.
Question 7
What are the adaptations of faecol-oral pathogens to facilitate transmission?
Answer 7
The adaptations of faecol-oral pathogens include being stable in varied environments, inducing vomiting and diarrhea to increase transmission, and possessing antimicrobial resistance genes.
Question 8
What are the adaptations of soil-borne pathogens to facilitate transmission?
Answer 8
The adaptations of soil-borne pathogens include forming endospores to resist desiccation, being stable in the environment under a range of conditions, and growing mainly in the root zone (rhizosphere).
Question 9
What are the adaptations of sexually transmitted diseases to facilitate transmission?
Answer 9
The adaptations of sexually transmitted diseases are similar to those of vertically transmitted diseases.
Question 10
What are the adaptations of vertically transmitted diseases to facilitate transmission?
Answer 10
The adaptations of vertically transmitted diseases include being capable of transmission across the placenta or uterine invasion, unprotected sexual activity, and consumption of placenta by other animals facilitating transmission.
___-borne diseases such as Legionella, Vibrio, Giardia, Campylobacter spp. has adaptations to facilitate transmission such as:
Water
Vector-borne diseases such as Rickettsia felis now uses fleas and mosquitoes as vectors, malaria, Zika virus, Hendra and lyssa viruses has adaptations to facilitate transmission such as:
Producing special surface proteins that allow attachment to vector tissues
___-transmitted diseases have adaptations to facilitate transmission similar to vertical diseases.
Sexually
Blood borne diseases such as malaria parasites and sickle cell anaemia take advantage of altered features of ___ cells to facilitate growth and development.
Red
Transmission of a pathogen refers to the passing of the pathogen from one host to another, directly or indirectly: ◗ direct transmission through sneezing, coughing, sexual contact ◗ indirect transmission by touching a contaminated surface or object or via a ___ .
Vector
Faecol-oral diseases such as E. coli and Salmonella spp. have adaptations to facilitate transmission such as: Pathogens are generally very stable in varied environments, e.g. acid in stomach, low oxygen of large ___ .
Intestine
Soil-borne diseases such as Clostridium tetani, fungi and nematodes have adaptations to facilitate transmission such as: Form endospores to resist desiccation. Stable in the environment under a range of conditions. Grow mainly in the root zone (___).
Rhizosphere
Vertically transmitted diseases such as Brucella spp. (contagious abortion in cattle), Parvovirus, rubella virus, chickenpox virus, Listeria monocytogenes, Plasmodium falciparum have adaptations to facilitate transmission such as: Capable of transmission across the placenta where maternal and foetal cells juxtapose. Capable of uterine invasion. Unprotected sexual activity facilitates transmission. Consumption of placenta by other animals in the wild facilitates transmission. May be aerosolised from ___ .
Afterbirth
Airborne on dust and respiratory secretions (e.g. water droplets) has adaptations to facilitate transmission such as: Able to remain suspended in air for long periods. Resists drying out. Pathogen causes sneezing and coughing, which causes ejection and transmission to new host. Aero-tolerant – able to tolerate a wide range of oxygen concentrations. Airborne diseases includes ___ viruses.
Influenza
Induction of vomiting and diarrhoea increases likelihood of transmission. Antimicrobial resistance genes. ___-oral diseases such as E. coli and Salmonella spp.
Faecol
Soil-borne diseases such as Clostridium tetani, fungi and nematodes have adaptations to facilitate transmission such as: Only a few bacteria are soil-borne pathogens of ___.
Plants
Study Notes
Modes of Pathogen Transmission
- Direct transmission occurs through sneezing, coughing, and sexual contact.
- Indirect transmission occurs through:
- Touching a contaminated surface or object
- Via a vector (e.g. fleas, mosquitoes)
Airborne Pathogens
- Adaptations to facilitate transmission:
- Able to remain suspended in air for long periods
- Resist drying out
- Pathogen causes sneezing and coughing, which causes ejection and transmission to new host
- Aero-tolerant – able to tolerate a wide range of oxygen concentrations
- Examples of airborne diseases include viruses
Waterborne Pathogens
- Adaptations to facilitate transmission:
- Able to survive in water
- Examples of waterborne pathogens include Legionella, Vibrio, Giardia, and Campylobacter spp.
Vector-Borne Pathogens
- Adaptations to facilitate transmission:
- Use of vectors such as fleas, mosquitoes, and ticks to transmit disease
- Examples of vector-borne diseases include Rickettsia felis, malaria, Zika virus, Hendra and lyssa viruses
Faecol-Oral Pathogens
- Adaptations to facilitate transmission:
- Pathogens are stable in varied environments, e.g. acid in stomach, low oxygen of large intestine
- Examples of faecol-oral pathogens include E. coli and Salmonella spp.
Soil-Borne Pathogens
- Adaptations to facilitate transmission:
- Form endospores to resist desiccation
- Stable in the environment under a range of conditions
- Grow mainly in the root zone (soil)
- Only a few bacteria are soil-borne pathogens of humans
- Examples of soil-borne pathogens include Clostridium tetani, fungi, and nematodes
Vertically Transmitted Diseases
- Adaptations to facilitate transmission:
- Capable of transmission across the placenta where maternal and foetal cells juxtapose
- Capable of uterine invasion
- Unprotected sexual activity facilitates transmission
- Consumption of placenta by other animals in the wild facilitates transmission
- May be aerosolised from animals
- Examples of vertically transmitted diseases include Brucella spp., Parvovirus, rubella virus, chickenpox virus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Plasmodium falciparum
Blood-Borne Pathogens
- Adaptations to facilitate transmission:
- Take advantage of altered features of red blood cells to facilitate growth and development
- Examples of blood-borne pathogens include malaria parasites and sickle cell anaemia
"Test Your Knowledge on Pathogen Transmission: Learn About Direct and Indirect Methods of Spreading Infections!" In this quiz, you will explore the different ways in which pathogens can be transmitted from one host to another. You will learn about direct methods of transmission such as sneezing and sexual contact, as well as indirect methods like touching contaminated surfaces and vectors. Additionally, you will discover how pathogens can adapt to facilitate transmission and remain airborne on dust and respiratory secretions. Test your knowledge on
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