Modernization Attempts: Communist Revolution in China

<p>Miscarriages of justice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Five Anti Movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They worsened the economy by shutting down many factories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To combat threats to political stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many were jailed or executed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To achieve faster and better economic results in socialism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silencing all forms of dissent against Mao's policies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of countless historic buildings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The possibility of losing Soviet aid due to ideological differences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Industry and agriculture should develop simultaneously (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Violating the rule of law. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over 50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distorted humanity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attacks on foreign legations by the Red Guards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging nationwide participation in smelting through backyard furnaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were merged from agricultural producers' cooperatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mobilizing the masses to struggle against them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy industries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The focus on one primary industry over all others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They halted cultural and educational development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to military conflicts and division among warlords. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5,000 peasant households (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It successfully increased total industrial output. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>National defense capabilities strengthened (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divisions within the party slowing down modernization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid population growth from 500 to 900 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of historical artifacts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition by Britain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food shortages and hunger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alliance with the Soviets and inclusion of the communists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gain support from rural peasants by redistributing land (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of the 1st CPC base (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It spread communist ideas to 11 provinces despite heavy casualties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CPC's efforts to build a power base within the KMT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At least 10 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 5th Encirclement Campaign (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actively carried out mass movements to extend their influence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The KMT was acknowledged as the legitimate government by the CPC. (B), The KMT recognized the CPC as a legitimate party. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CPC's refusal to lay down arms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Military supplies left by Japan. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His self-discipline and guerilla tactics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They covered 2.28 million square kilometers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mao's declaration on October 1st. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CPC's promises of land reforms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The military strength gained after WWII. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first major split between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) in 1927, marked by differing ideologies and goals.

In 1931, the CPC established the Chinese Soviet Republic, a self-governing region based in Jiangxi, led by Mao Zedong.

From 1934-35, the CPC embarked on a perilous journey to escape the KMT's encirclement campaigns, known as the Long March, where they retreated to the northwest and established a new base in Yanan.

In 1937, the KMT and CPC formed a temporary alliance or 'United Front' to combat the Japanese invasion of China.

The CPC led a campaign to win over the peasantry by implementing land reforms, confiscating land from landlords and distributing it to the peasants, along with canceling their debts.

During the Northern Expedition, the CPC actively organized mass movements to expand its influence by establishing labor unions and farmers' associations.

The KMT's suspicion of the CPC's growing influence within the party and their attempts to establish a power base led to tension and ultimately conflict.

The KMT's failed attempts to eradicate the CPC through five encirclement campaigns forced the CPC to embark on the Long March, a strategic retreat to the northwest.

The US attempted to mediate a peaceful resolution to the Chinese Civil War after WWII. This involved efforts like the 'Double Tenth Negotiation' and General George Marshall's mission to negotiate a ceasefire and a coalition government. However, due to deep-seated mistrust and conflicting agendas between the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) and the Kuomintang (KMT), these attempts ultimately failed.

The Chinese Communist Party (CPC) grew significantly in strength after WWII. They received military supplies left by the Japanese, expanded their base areas, and increased their military manpower. This allowed them to ultimately seize power by force.

Mao Zedong's leadership was crucial to the CPC's success. His popular image, stemming from his role in the Long March and his tactical brilliance against the Japanese, solidified his position as a charismatic leader.

The CPC gained significant peasant support during the Chinese Civil War. Their troops were known for their discipline, and they appealed to the peasants' desires for land reform and social justice. This support was essential in their fight against the Kuomintang.

The Chinese Civil War resulted from deep-seated political and ideological conflicts between the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) and the Kuomintang (KMT). Both sides had different visions for China's future, leading to a struggle for power.

The People's Republic of China (PRC) was established in 1949 after the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) defeated the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War. The KMT fled to Taiwan, marking the beginning of a fractured China.

The Kuomintang (KMT) lost the Chinese Civil War due to several factors, including their waning popular support, their weakened position after the war with Japan, and their inability to effectively combat the CPC's growing strength.

Land Reform was a key policy implemented by the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It aimed to redistribute land from wealthy landowners to peasants, a major plank in the CPC's platform.

Mao Zedong's political program aimed at accelerating China's socialist development, featuring rapid industrialization, agricultural collectivization, and a focus on self-reliance.

A period of intense political movement in China aimed at silencing criticism of the Communist Party, leading to the suppression of intellectuals and the loss of Mao's faith in them.

The final stage of agricultural collectivization in China, merging multiple agricultural producers' cooperatives into larger units, each with thousands of peasant households.

The strategy of prioritizing grain and steel production while encouraging development in other economic sectors, highlighting a focus on rapid progress.

A policy encouraging a balanced approach to development, encompassing industry, agriculture, light and heavy industries, large and small enterprises, both local and national production methods.

A nationwide campaign encouraging the production of iron and steel in backyard furnaces, aiming to boost industrial production but leading to resource waste and inefficiency.

The political and ideological differences between China and the Soviet Union, contributing to the decline of Sino-Soviet relations during the 1950s.

China's policy of economic self-reliance in the face of Western isolation and concerns over Soviet aid withdrawal, leading to a focus on internal development.

A campaign launched by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1950 to eliminate counter-revolutionary threats, including former KMT officials, secret agents, and bandits. This campaign involved harsh measures like executions, imprisonment, and even suicide.

The CCP's effort to address corruption, waste, and bureaucracy within its own ranks and in state-owned enterprises. This campaign was conducted from 1951 to 1952, and involved punishing corrupted officials.

Following the 'Three Anti' campaign, the CCP launched another campaign targeting corruption and economic crimes within the bourgeoisie. It focused on bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, and other illegal activities.

The process of changing from a capitalist system to a socialist system. In Mao Zedong's vision, this transition was expected to take decades, but in reality, China transitioned in just three years.

The CCP's strategy for establishing public ownership over industries and enterprises in China. This was intended to be a gradual process, as outlined by Mao Zedong, but in reality, it accelerated due to the political and economic situation after the 'Three Anti' and 'Five Anti' campaigns.

The consequences of the 'Three Anti' and 'Five Anti' campaigns, which negatively impacted China's economy. Many factories and shops were forced to close down, and the country faced economic difficulties.

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) claimed that China had transitioned from a New Democracy stage to a socialist stage. This refers to the completion of the fundamental changes implemented by the CCP, including the transition to public ownership.

The execution of more than 800,000 people and imprisonment of hundreds of thousands during the Campaign to Suppress Counter-Revolutionaries. This campaign brought about political stability, but also sparked concerns about human rights violations.

The rapid growth of heavy industries like steel production, leading to a significant shift towards a more industrialized economy.

During Mao's rule, participation in mass movements was often forced and overlooked individual values, hindering China's progress.

Focusing heavily on heavy Industry while neglecting agriculture led to food shortages and a lack of incentives for farmers.

Population growth outpaced food production, causing severe food shortages and widespread hunger.

China's military strength increased significantly under Mao, with advancements in missile technology, nuclear testing, and satellite launches.

China's international status improved after the founding of the PRC, with recognition from major world powers and membership in the United Nations.

Mao's disdain for professional knowledge and purging of intellectuals led to a shortage of skilled people and hampered cultural and educational development.

The economic reforms introduced after Mao's death, including the opening up to foreign investment and market-oriented policies, significantly boosted China's economy and propelled it towards modernization and economic growth.

The Cultural Revolution caused significant harm to China's cultural heritage, including the destruction of historic buildings, antiques, and artwork. Many artists were persecuted and sent to labor camps, while books, plays, and films were forced to promote revolutionary messages.

During the Cultural Revolution, anti-foreign sentiments were strong. Foreign legations were attacked, individuals with foreign connections were labeled as traitors, and China's relations with Western countries were strained. This hindered the inflow of foreign capital and technology, which slowed down China's modernization.

Mao Zedong's emphasis on heavy industry during the socialist modernization drive laid the foundation for China's industrialization. The total industrial output increased dramatically during this period.

Despite establishing a judicial system, the rule of law was violated during the Cultural Revolution. The authority of the Communist Party trumped legal procedures. Numerous individuals were accused of crimes without proper legal processes, highlighting the lack of a legal framework for a fair society.

The instability caused by constant shifts in economic policies, fueled by internal party disagreements and power struggles, hindered progress toward modernization. The party's inability to agree on a consistent economic direction resulted in a stalled modernization process.

The first half of the 20th century saw China facing numerous challenges, including military conflicts and division among warlords. Under Mao Zedong's leadership, the Communist Party successfully defeated the Kuomintang and established the People's Republic of China (PRC), bringing unification and a stable administrative structure to the nation.

Mao Zedong's leadership helped the Communist Party overcome the KMT, leading to the creation of the PRC. The establishment of a central and local administrative framework provided a new structure for governance. The promulgation of the Chinese constitution laid the foundation for a unified legal structure.

Mao Zedong's decision to mobilize the masses against dissenters during the Cultural Revolution led to the criticism and purging of millions of individuals. This resulted in numerous deaths and left deep scars on Chinese society, demonstrating the dangers of political repression and the lack of legal safeguards.