Modern States development

• Latin America is currently leading interesting social and political processes that challenge dominant hegemonic paradigms.
• The global context reveals globalization as a kind of ideology.
• The Nation-State is losing importance as the main player in international relations.
• Representativeness as a mechanism declines as people feel less represented and demand more participation.
• State transformation and People's Diplomacy emerge as a key element, forming part of participatory democracy.
• Key words: International Relations, Participatory Democracy, State Transformation, People's Diplomacy.

Modern States Development

• Modern States developed from the base of supreme jurisdiction over a demarcated territorial area.
• Citizens' loyalty and consent legitimized the coercive power monopoly.
• The modern nation-state consolidated on territoriality with precise borders.
• It also had the monopolistic control of violence, an impersonal structure of political power, and legitimized on representation.
• All elements together constituted its defining properties.

Consolidation of the State

• Consolidation was marked by several factors which made it difficult, these included:
• Establishing positive law and its dominion over common law
• Separating positive law and morals
• Separating art and religion
• Separating religious and political power
• Separating domestic and public economy
• The emergence of new sources of legitimacy, such as consensus, captured in legal systems (constitutions)
• The status of belonging to a nation was elemental
• In the economic field, the expansion of mercantilism favored its consolidation.
• Exchange and effective fusion of different regions
• The new division of social labor
• The increasing circulation of goods
• Agricultural production increasingly intended for sale.
• Strengthening of regional markets.
• State plays a fundamental role as a political instrument that imposes a dual task: centralize-unify/centralize-standardize.
• The regulatory authority of the State expanded creating unified power systems in delimited territories.
• The state also established:
• Centralized administration
• Centralized mechanisms of fiscal administration and resource distribution
• New types of legislation and execution of the law
• Permanent professional armies
• Concentrated war capacity

The Rise of Globalization

• Formal diplomacy employed today began with States
• With the rise of globalization—especially since the mid-20th century—the foundations of the State have been directly impacted.
• It is more difficult to conserve the intrinsic elements of its existence, such as:
• Sovereignty
• Cultural unity
• Control over its territory.
• The national State founds its power on attachment to a specific geographic location.
• Globalization has branched into multiple area
• Globalization intermingles and relativizes to the nation State.
• Globalization is manifested in social links, communication networks, market relations, and ways of life that cross State territorial borders.
• People have become more mobile:
  • Wealthy individuals exploit State cracks
  • Competencies or goods are installed wherever more advantageous.
• Impoverished people migrate where there is welfare and abundance.
• The global order was conformed by a sum of local orders
• The State figure controlled these local orders.
• Two power blocs superimposed themselves in the mid-century.
• The State figure declined and ceased to be the figure of excellence in the international scenario.
• Two large blocs, led by great powers, grouped the rest of the countries to add them to their tendency
• This dynamic was based on the hypothesis of military insufficiency
• Tendency shifted to supranational integration
• Global scene became a theater of coexistence and competence between groups of States instead of individual States.
• Division into two blocks ended in the nineties, giving way to USA preeminence.
• It gives loose and definitively leads to what many call neoliberal globalization.
• This is simply advanced capitalism in its neoliberal phase.
• The maximum exponent is the phenomenon of globalization.

The role of the State

• The State advances the processes of globalization
• It facilitates the action of external factors.
• By the end of the eighties globalization grew significantly.
• States began a considerable institutionalization of multinational companies' rights.
• There was also deregulation of cross-border operations and increased power or influence of supranational organizations.
• The State actively participates through deregulation.
• This involves producing new types of regulations, laws, and judicial measures, or an entire new class of legality.
• The State can be seen as the representative of a technical administrative faculty that enables the implementation of the global corporate economy.
• State plays a key role in protecting national or popular interests, as well as enabling external actors.
• States no longer construct identity.
• People no longer feel represented by their governments.
• There is difficulty representing agendas and specific identities
• The representation is diluted as a result and there is limited credibility
• This situation is enhanced with the crisis of the Nation-State.

Consequences of Globalization

• Globalization constitutively forms institutional and powerful imaginary spaces.
• Globalization enables the aspiration to carry out cross-border politics, even without mobility.
• The networks generate conditions to form at least partially transnational identities.
• This can lead to expanding links to translocal communities.
• Identify refers to a set of internalized cultural repertoires.
• Individuals or collectives define and delimit their borders.
• This is done in relation to its members, or externally in regard to others, in a specific historical context.
• This identity is mediated by relationships of domination and subordination.
• Globalization and particularism are part of a double concomitant process.
• Latin American indigenous people see globalization as a deep cultural threat
• Local experience transforms local identities in a different context.
• In the traditional community world, there was no need to account for one's identity; there is now.
• Indigenous people are compelled to begin a complex process of response
• Against this potential threat, and any potential loss of identity, the necessity to have a discourse of identity is evidently emerging.

Development

• Development of global communication networks and global production exchange systems has stimulated this phenomenon.
• Local circumstances are diminished
• People are increasingly affected by others elsewhere.
• The idea of a deterritorialized global culture insufficiently considers the re-emerging interest for local culture.
• Globalization is always accompanied by localization.

Resistance Identities

• Resistance identities are a reaction against cultural, social, or political discrimination or marginalization.
• These identities confront assimilation to a system in which their situation would be structurally subordinate.
• It’s graphically the case in Latin America
• This identity resistance manifests itself in rescuing dormant identities among the original peoples.
• While not all aspects of globalization generate resistance, certain social groups do resist.
• Globalization processes intend to homogenize, despise or invalidate identities that are often quantitatively minority
• These groups resist as they can, in their own way, because they aren't often represented.

Social Distancing

• The State no longer serves as a giver of meaning and a distancing results.
• People rebuild lives from elements of identity.
• Recognition and reconstruction causes a questioning the standing structures and mechanisms and seeks to have an input on new ways of participating in politics.
• The term "politics savage" is a description of these phenomena.
• Subjects are self-transformed and go from being governed or sectorial identity civil society to question exploitation, domination or exclusion.
• The goal is not question the policies of the State in a specific manner, but to question the pillars of the social order.

Participatory Democracy

• Political participation begins to formally emerge in different ways.
• It's an intent to dispute the meaning of certain political practices.
• An expansion of social grammar and the incorporation of new actors or new topics in politics.
• This results in many types of "doing" politics and ways of relating locally, nationally and internationally.
• Summit diplomacy or presidential diplomacy comprise the methods of formal diplomacy.
• It is an interaction carried out by a government official or State leader.
• The recent rise of globalized is factor influencing the system of economic, political, social and cultural actors and their action and reaction capacities.
• Weight of external variables in domestic policy establishes conditions on national development decisions.
• Despite seeming contradictory, there’s an interaction between presidential and collective diplomacy.
• Heads of State have promoted interchange among diverse sectors to transfer popular participation into the international arena.

Manifestations

• It legally and practically manifests in Summits of the Peoples, the World Social Forum, and the First Summit of Councils of Social Movements of the ALBA.
• Energy agreements like Petrosur, policy-strategic agreements such as ALBA, and the informational initiatives like TELESUR are part of these projects.
• Relations distinct from formal diplomacy have been categorized.
• There is agreement:
• New means of diplomacy can be used innovatively and complementarily in comparison to the traditional form. New forms of classifications have emerged:
• Track two diplomacy, defined as unofficial, parallel or citizen diplomacy
• Some restrict it to citizen-based projects, but others point to intervention from professionals connected closely with politics.
• There are varying views of the concepts track two diplomacy and citizen diplomacy:
• Citizen diplomacy: unofficial procedures internationally applied
• Citizens are more likely to attain international consensus, not reached through formal contacts.
• Examples: citizen exchange, concerts, twinning cities, educational exchange, common research projects, and humanitarian assistance.
• Track Two Diplomacy: unofficial and informal interaction between members of nations or adversary groups to develop strategies.
• Public opinion is influenced to organize human and material resources in a manner that can contribute to resolving conflict.
• It is designed assist leaders, to avoid abandoning their need to appear “strong, astute, and indomitable before their enemy".
• Civilian instances intervene without direct relationship with governments.
• Different from formal diplomacy:
• Position of participants
• Far from taking decisions as official government/state reps.

Multi-track diplomacy

• Multi-track diplomacy establishes levels according to the actors prone to intervene in diplomatic affairs.
• It is oriented to the resolution of international conflicts and escalations of violence.
• While the studies show interest in forms of diplomacy, they circumscribe actions to certain groups or sectors and limit the participation of others.
• Focuses on including all sectors and their key participation in these processes.
• Main difference between conventional and parallel diplomacy is the position of who is responsible to make decisions as official government/state representatives.
• The heads of State are an important part of influencing relations between States and the people by interacting with social movements and grassroots sectors.
• This seeks to redefine the polis of the nation-state
• A model exhausted a model that privileged, by different routes, a basically economic and sometimes purely commercial integration.
• Along with the need for a common strategy, mark the primacy of the political dimension.

Non-governmental Diplomacy

• It operates outside of government
• "The very word is audacious insofar we touch upon a private domain of the state from which the private actors are traditionally removed."
• Henri Rouillé D'Orfeuil defines it as that it should not be understood as parallel diplomacy, but a component of participatory diplomacy.
• It is defined by its objective and its actions toward diverse audiences
• Unique objective of promoted by NGOs, is to contribute to a solidaristic world building.
• The author delimits that three audiences awaken the interest of non-governmental diplomacy:
• Militant networks of international solidarity
• Public opinion and the media
• International negotiators
• Paradiplomacy involves sub-systems interacting in the interests of common characteristics.
• Countries begin to lose territorial form
• The parts that integrate it seek to connect to the international system from their local level for a voice abroad that may allow them to confront their global issues.
• Noé Cornago Prieto notes that paradiplomacy involves non-Central governments in international relationships. It does this through:
• Formal and informal contacts
• Permanent contacts
• Ad hoc contacts with foreign public and private entities, with the purpose of promoting affairs of a socioeconomic, political, or cultural character.
• The paradiplomacy of subnational governments also entails confronting two paradigms of international relations.
• The interdependence complex, which entails pluralism of actors, State centrism, or traditional, based on political realism.
• Traditional perspectives of power struggle are becoming obsolete.
• The paradigm of globalism or world society recognizes the interrelation.
• Cooperation appears as the solution to new problems and challenges, needs, and demands.

Changes

• The nation-state weakens and leads to supranational, transnational, regional, and local structures, that emphasize culture an identity
• Local authorities actively are starting to decide to seek solutions for problems and have their own system of relations, called paradiplomacy.
• Law is beginning to recognize new regional and cross-border structures, based on geographic and cultural characteristics
• Ancient practices are reviving, such as Indigenous diplomacy.

Pre-Columbian Era

• Indigenous people maintained varied relations changed since the Spanish invasion brought colonization and the prohibition of those practices.
• Some mechanisms of exchange have remained
• The coca leaf is one example, used as a protocol, negotiation and approach to multiple problems, and the search of their respective solutions.
• Doctor Esteban Ticona wrote of the Tawantisuyu Diplomacy "More than 500 years ago our people lived in brotherhood in Abya Yala."
• Abya Yala, an indigenous word means "land in fullness" in Kuna which extended from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, or "earth of eternal youth."
• A single nation consisted from large and small peoples with advanced knowledge of nature, the earth, the plants, the stars.
• As part of the TAMA, the unity and complementarity of this continent's peoples was always present.
• What we now call diplomacy our ancestors understood as a harmonic union.
• This is a borderless brotherhood that brings together territories.
• The Diplomacy of Tawantinsuyu is brotherhood, complementation, is diplomacy of Peoples for Life.
• The theory of international relations explains these space extensions

Views from Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye

• They transformed the definition of a system
• They expose that basic feature was the number of actors and not the number of States.
• James Rosenau proposes a change of optics.
• Studying relations should not just start with State resources
• The identification of these and appreciation of results.
• Understand the structures of authority and the space of action.
• Forms of political organization now imply complex deterritorialization and reterritorialization.
• The increasing interdependence of international society has opened the way to change processes:
• Globalization
• State crisis
• Understanding crisis as change, not complete death or birth.
• Guillermo Marin labels it the third revolution of diplomacy.

Third Revolution of Diplomacy

• The new diplomacy won't be so occasional as the previous ones.
• It looks like it will be dynamic and has no centralized power
• Has a difficult task of management.
• While the sovereignty on which the paradigm of Westphalia was articulated has waned, the power has been dispersed inside and outside the States.
• The authority of international or supranational organizations has superseded State power.

Transnational Influences

• Forces acting over those limits blur the sovereignty
• Companies, social movements, transnational pressure groups, and economies of neighboring regions influence internal and foreign policy decisions.
• Influence on State sovereignty comes from from regions and municipalities in international activity.
• NGOs, social movements, companies, and even particular citizens are prominent.
• Integration theory indicates the state must contribute in diminishing borders.
• Keohane and Nye find "the paradigm of world politics tries to transcend the problem analysis".
• Trascendending of all aspects
• Actors for including trasnational actor

Transnational Theories

• The State boundaries no longer coincide with the new realities of international relations.
• "the relations that occur across the borders of the state, the relations that take place between the state of"
• Communities provide the basis for the radical project in international relations.
• This has been well synthesized by Anthony McGrew ¹¹ and David Held.
• Alternative governance mechanisms, autonomy and inclusion are emphasized
• The norm theory is of a "governance human being"
• It creates new communities based on equality and ecological preservation

Change Agents

• Existing movements such as feminist, environmentalist and anti globalization movements need change agents.
• By resisting against orthodoxies, these social movements play an important role in the democratic process
• The need to relate in different ways, and to create alternate forms of politics is rising
• In the diplomacy, we have The Diplomacy of the Peoples that is tied to popular participation

Forms of international relationships

• The forms of international relationships are emerging in the global stage

• Andrés Bansart defined that The Diplomacy of the Peoples, "means the exchange between ground communities for two or more territories"

• People are more active, flexible and adaptable in its vision

• The Diplomacy of the Peoples does not pretend to replace the old Diplomacy

• Indigenous people have had Diplomacy since the old ancestral times

• It should be a tool to decolonization of the relationships for promoting the participation of the towns everywhere

• The Diplomacy of the Peoples incorporate more sectors

• In Latin America, there has been relationships in linking people together and that leads to racial similarities

• The indigenous authorities follow their on old organizational structure and it allows them to assist each other

• State's representation lacks focus for Diplomacy, The Diplomacy of the Peoples intends to go beyond what the States do to improve its integrations

Democracy

• Many ways express society to its fullest after the colonial stimulus
• It ranges from participation to association, the community, the appropriation the implementation of value etc

Historical Democracy

• This democracy has been around since the 70's because of Marx
• Needs to apply everything to people's customs and everyday lives
• Needs to be composed with its constituents in mind for it
• Needs to be in power and controlled and needs to self managed
• And experiment and learning politics need to be open

XXI century tomas moulan views

• Must have social order
• To be a good economic producer
• Need to pursue an associative culture with fraternity to build the new social order
• Diplomacy helps to unite countries and to support social classes

The Role of Democracy

• Envisioned a democratic project that fundamentally unites a relationship between peoples. and avoids superiority.
• The new model aims to establish participation, to reconstitute the institutions to capitalism.

Society

• The social movements exist when there is a need for a reformation.

• The social movements must combat elections and elitism.

• The country has to give way to the new social order and recognize the other societies not recognized for their disabilities.

• To generate political intersubjectivity to contribute in the transformation of the relationships of power.

• There has to be equality for anyone be a part any society

• If dominance keeps repeating, then wild policies take form and help create new ways of social and policy re organization.

• Movements appear in all scenes

• The state is simply charged with maintaining the name and the power will start with the people, as they will be heard, but will make sure of their dissent

• To bring conciliation between various peoples.

• Has to be more equality and social relationship with everything peoples are involve with