Global Interstate System and Political Globalization

The Global Interstate System

• The focus is on the political structures in globalization.
• Political structures can be seen as flows or encompassing sets of flows.
• Structures can be seen as "congealed flows."

Political Globalization

• Political flows are relevant to political structures.
• The flow of refugees and illegal immigrants poses a threat to nation-states.
• Oil and water crises can lead to riots and downfall of governments.
• Nation-states' inability to control economic flows poses a threat to the nation-state itself.
• Environmental problems can be destabilizing.
• Borderless diseases are a danger to political structures.
• War threatens nation-states involved.
• Global inequalities threaten to pit poor nations against rich nations.
• Terrorism is a threat to nations it is waged against.

Political Institutions in International Relations

The Nation-State

• The nation-state has two basic components: nation and state.
• Nation refers to a social group linked through common descent, culture, language, or territory.
• National identity is a fluid and dynamic form of collective identity.
• The state emerged after the demise of feudalism.
• The state offered a centralized control and evolved a structure with autonomous office-holders.
• Claim to sovereignty defines the state.
• The nation-state is an integration of subgroups that define themselves as a nation.

Civil Society

• Civil society traces back to the West circa 1500 and was not distinguished from state until the nineteenth century.
• G. W. F. Hegel redefined civil society as existing between family and state.
• Alexis de Tocqueville associated civil society with American associations not political in nature.
• They allow people to interact and develop feelings, ideas, emotions, and understandings.
• Antonio Gramsci sees civil society as challenging the state by generating counter-hegemonic ideas.
• The growth of civil society institutions emerged, struggle for press freedom begun, alongside written constitutions, religious tolerance, and talk of democracy and human rights.
• Mary Kaldor emphasizes the 1970s and 1980s in Latin America and Eastern Europe as particularly important.
• The 1990s were important for the rise of transnational networks of activists.
• Civil society involves negotiation or struggle with political and economic authority.
• It represents an ideal that can act as a counterbalance to forces in politics and the economy.
• Historically nation-state centered, but now linked to global actions.

Global Civil Society

• Global civil society refers to dynamic, interconnected, nongovernmental systems with complex effects.
• Consists of networks, pyramids, and clusters of socio-economic institutions with the aim of drawing the world together.
• Nongovernmental institutions and actors tend to increase power and problematize violence.
• Global civil society has five characteristics: nongovernmental, societal, oriented to civility, pluralistic, and global.
• Keane's view sets apart that the economic market is deeply implicated in civil society.
• Keane puts forth the "no market, no civil society" rule.
• Markets are an intrinsic empirical feature, and civil society could not survive without "turbocapitalism"
• Capitalist market can disturb civil society through inequality or investment choices.
• Capitalist market can strengthen market domination over non-profit institutions.
• Civil society is not completed, instead it is ongoing.
• It must be extended to the global level in the era of globalization.
• Neoliberalism has dominated civil society by creating funded organizations that reformed the market and government.
• Since the 1990’s movements and organizations have been a significant components of global civil society.
• Most significant are the wide range of organizations dealing primarily with issues that relate to the environment, human rights, and economic development plus the poor.

International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs)

• INGOs are not-for-profit international organizations that perform public functions but are not run by nation-states.
• INGOs influence domestic policies, participate in forums, promote cooperation, and facilitate political participation.
• First modern INGOs are traceable to the nineteenth century, but have boomed in recent years.
• INGO power is from rational-moral authority.
• INGOs claim to represent universal human interests, are democratic, and committed to global progress.
• They advise states, firms, and individuals on how to act.
• INGOs are grassroots organizations in touch with the needs of their membership.
• They are very good at garnering media attention.
• A turning point happened in 1992 when a treaty to control emissions was signed.
• The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) treaty was signed in 1997 by 122 nations.
• INGOs are special interest groups that may not consider wider sets of concerns.
• It is undemocratic to keep agendas secret and not be accountable to anyone.
• They have the potential to be "loose cannons" on the global stage.
• It is seen as annoying busybodies.
• INGOs may distort magnitudes in order to advance.
• They can fail to attract issues of worthy attention if they are not more worthy.
• Focus on one issue may adversely affect interest in, and ability to deal with other urgent matters.
• Well meaning INGOs can conflict with each other.
• There are questions about their relevance to the South related to the North's control.
• Criticisms are that INGO's seem to have helped accelerate state withdrawal from social provision.
• Global civil society includes conflict with each other like Western neoliberals and religious fundamentalists.
• They have become formally involved in International Governmental Organizations (IGOs).
• There are symbolic gains such as greater legitimacy from being involved with a visible organization.
• INGOs can become co-opted by IGOs involved or they become rationalized, bureaucratized, and professionalized to deal with the needs. This can lead to a subtle change of orientation, and a decline in radicalism.
• IGOs can gain legitimacy through the involvement of high-minded INGOs.

The Effects of Globalization in Nation-State Relations

• Political relations have served to structure international relations.
• Parag Khanna distinguishes between globalization and geopolitics.
  • Globalization involves free flows, geopolitics involves political/military control.
• The US was hegemonic in geopolitics, but weakened as globalization competes.
• The US geopolitical hegemony was expected to last, but failed to get past the end of the century.
• Khanna points to the emergence in the of a new Big Three.
• The "web of globalization now has three spiders."
• Russia is being depopulated and run by "Gazprom.gov".
• Islam is sharply divided and wars rage within Islam.
• India does not seem to have the same ambition.
• The EU is adding a nation-state a year.
• There are new pipelines flowing in oil to countries form Libya, Algeria and Azerbaijan
• The EU is the largest market in the world and has surpass the US.
• The euro is strong and there is pressure to move the euro away from the dollar.
• London is replacing New York as a global financial capital, with China planning to locate their offices there.
• Europe is more of a political model for those in Africa or the Middle East than the US.
• Foreign students find it difficult to study in the US than in Europe.
• A recent financial crisis in Greece is causing some observers to the the strength of the EU.
• China is making deals and sending personnel around the world.
• Trade with the world is massive despite the recession.
• China Maintains relations with countries the US shuns as "rogue states."
• China's power is in East Asia where 35 million ethnic live.
• China is drawing more nations into its political orbit; a possibility of a NATO version may arrive..

Globalism

• Globalism broadly is made from connections between multi-continental distances.
• Globalization promotes and intensifies multi-continental interconnectedness.
• Economic globalism visualizes global economy as an integrated marketplace.
• Political boundaries are less important, creating a single market in inputs and outputs.
• Complex economic relations of mutual support and interdependence are the result of the global market.
• A network of micro- and macro-economic linkages evolve.
• Economic globalism has developed into a policy challenge of the twenty-first century.
• Globalization shapes the global economy in the short- and medium-term.
• The ICT revolution catalysed the contemporary globalization process.
• ICT is a general-purpose technology (GPT) with a large potential for underpinning total factor productivity (TFP).
• Advances in the ICT led to an information economy
• Economic globalism has given a new economic synergy to market capitalism.
• Concepts like north-south, core-periphery, or the First and Third Worlds are irrelevant, if not outdated.

Informationalism

• Informationalism is the "technological paradigm that constitutes the material basis of early twenty-first century societies".
• Industrialism with the Industrial Revolution is the paradigm characterized by technology.
• The systemic organization of technologies relies on generating and distributing energy by human-made machines not depend on the natural environment.
• A structuration of scientific knowledge and technological innovation is taking place.
• Informationalism presupposes industrialism with its associated technologies that are a part of its processes.
• The paradigm name should be called "electronic informational-communicationalism."
• Modern technology has a distinctive feature of "distributing flexibility through interactive, digitized networking.”
• Software developments, such as Java and Jini languages, powered the distributive networks.
• Wireless communications made have created points of communication at almost the level of individuals.

The Network Society

• This gradually emerged as a new form of organization in the last lap of the twentieth century.
• It operates as the industrial only if it fully expands with electricity.
• But the network society was not a technological revolution.
• There was economic, social, political and cultural factors that led to the emergence of social emergence.
• Governments in a global world must have global reach.
• Government networks meet these needs as a global governance.
• The networked form is ideal for speed and flexibility.

The Genesis of the Network Society

• In the 1970s, there was a coincidence of three independent processes.
• The three events created a new technological paradigm, the network society, and informational intertwined.
• These processes were the crisis, the restricting of industrialism, and the revolution in information.
• The industrial model hit the wall for development limits to increase productivity growth with information.
• Keynesian model had characterized high productivity and steady economic growth post WW2.
• But a shift to a different model was coming from governments working with corporations.
• There was a independent trend of cultural projects values emerging from movement of the 1960s and 1970s
• One can observe these movements in Berkeley in 1964 and Paris 1968
• A multidimensional transformation happened in the 1970s with the revolution in information and communication.

Technology Economy and Culture

• The origins of this technological revolution came from other processes.
• The invention of the microprocessor, digital switch, personal computer etc. are not from demands of needs of Capitalism.
• Military funding was and sponsoring was essential for the victory of the Cold War between both super powers.
• Though, the military helped technology depended on the military instead of innovation.
• The culture of personal freedom that originated from the university movements inhabited the minds of those innovating.
• A personal computer contradicted the programmed trajectory coming from the computer industry to challenge its invention by diffusion.
• Had relied on the university tradition of communicating and sharing with others in the network.
• It made secrecy and property rights the core of power and wealth.
• The result was wealth created through values and ideals of autonomy.
• The Microsoft was off duck in the pond and this is still reflected in the animosity.
• Companies used restructuring to take advantage of the extraordinary range of technologies.
• They increased the process of technological change, along with the scope of applications.
• Being allowed with government policies helps deregulate, privatize, liberate, etc. It would have not worked without the help of computer networks and infastructure.
• A culture of freedom induced technologies that were essential for business to function through decentralization.
• From there, the knowledge-based economy could function at its data potential.
• The result after restricting, was a global and networked economy.
• A result from of this, as well as demise of statism, a new model of informatioal capitalism was produced.
• New forms of social movements were created and there resulted the crisis of the nation.

The Globalization of Religion

• Religion and globalism have a very difficult relationship.
• The two are completely separate because religion deals with the sacred, while globalism deals with wealth.
• Globalism abides by man-made laws and follows divine commandments.
• Religion assumes there is communication between the divine and human conferring power.
• Religious people are less concerned with wealth/material.
• Religious people shun material in every part of life such as food, clothes and manner.
• The main religious duty is to live a virtuous sin life so that there is reassurance to go to the other world.
• Globalist are not concerned with ending up in heaven or hell.
• Those in Globalism seal trade deals,improve profits and provide government revenue.
• If he/she has strength then the globalist sees his/her hard work contributes to economic system.
• Religion hates the quest and politics of power.
• Religious view this as humanities weaknesses and believes the globalist values open up economies of world.
• Religion and globalism clash over evangelization.
• Missionaries spread the word of God from multiple different religions to gain followers.
• Globalism considers earth categories narrow. Membership provides a superior affiliation that connects the humans to devine.
• Philosophical differences cause groups to flee communities to practice their belief from meddling of state rulers.
• Followers of Dalai and Buddhist Hermits believe living would hurt them.
• Communities that oppose state authority do it on a grounds of religion.
• Contemporary forms of it seek to runaway from hold or wish to over throw ruler due to will of god.

Realities

• The relationship is complicated with the argument between religion and globalism.
• Contemporary is very religious as said my Peter Berger.
• Religion exists is most of the world, they exists as religious explosions occurring in major traditions and places.
• A modern republic has modern religions with the foundation of it.
• The Constiution states it to be Muslim religion.
• Khomeini bragged that islamic ruler is better and points out it has not fundamentals.
• Religious can mix themselves with with Secular.
• A example is the Nahdiatul group who is Islamic but teaches other things like law and education.

Religion for and against Globalization

• There is religious no movement today that opperses profance globalation.
• Yet two of old realitives global are Christianity and Islan.
• Globalization communities from the “restraints from the nation".
• Religions seek to help comminities change and create basis of dentity.
• Fundamentalism distates martilsim but says it will continue use a comminiations to go through it
• That fast and is english language to do to modern knowledge.
• Reliogioms subsite western but they can the tensions with global.
• Muslims view is like a trojian with western support of values ready to western areas to destroy area.
• The World of churches makes churches accoutnable to viatations.
• Francis codme the globaes throw way.
• In general that support is made to help change global

Media and Globalization

• Globalization is the spread of cultures and ideas.
• Globalization relies on media as its main channel for spread.

Media and its Functions

• Media is a means of conveying something.
• Mass communication technologies are meant as a reference that commentators refer.
• McLuhan says "medium is the message" not meaning the message is useless, but it highlights that media reshaped.
• Television is not just a bearer of television as it directs families behavior.
• Communication has grown more but the internet is now being looked for the new family behavior.

The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism

• McLuhan uses his analysis to examine the impact of electronic media.
• He says the tv turns the world and sets around listens perception of them.
• In the years, people assumed that the global culture was had a to homogenize.
• Media Scholars believed that media had the tendency to culture with other media.
• Commentators therefore believe this would create a coup in Americans way of culture and values.
• in76 author herbert argued that world was not but can see the capitalist values that they consumer.
• John similarly cultures its is or westernizied since culture culture

Critique of Cultural Imperialism

• Cultural Impalial ignore producers can be consume by audiences.
• Scholf began paying attention to media messages and were understook . The staudies emphsized the process that consumers participate in.
• Ien Ag watched her watch dallas to studied the ways different veiwsers in Dutch.
• Rather than just recieve the and the the way.

Social Media

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