Modern Political Ideology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does the Qur'an ask from the ummah?

  • To establish a completely secular society
  • To cooperate for good and prevent evil (correct)
  • To focus on individual piety and avoid societal issues
  • To promote nationalism and cultural diversity

    • How does the text describe the impact of nationalism on Muslim unity?

  • It strengthens the idea of ummah.
  • It promotes tolerance and inclusivity.
  • It has no significant impact.
  • It intensifies cultural plurality and social antagonism. (correct)

    • How did the text illustrate the dangers of nationalism with an example?

  • The bitterness and hatred between France and Germany leading to World Wars (correct)
  • The development of international law in the 19th century
  • The cooperation between England and Germany during WWII
  • The peaceful resolution of conflicts between France and Germany after 1871

    • What does the concept of internationalism primarily promote?

    <p>Peaceful cooperation among the states of the world. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does internationalism require of nation-states?

    <p>To accept some limitations on external sovereignty for the sake of international peace. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one practical demand that the text says internationalism makes on states?

    <p>To be bound by international organizations' decisions in matters affecting other states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to critics mentioned in the text, what is a primary challenge to the proliferation of internationalism?

    <p>The continued existence of nation-states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text characterize the relationship between nationalism and international law?

    <p>Nations often violate international law to protect narrow national interests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marxist feminists, what is the primary cause of gender inequality?

    <p>Economic factors and modes of production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What, according to Engels, is the root of women's oppression?

    <p>The emergence of private property (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Marxist feminist 'solution' to ending sexual asymmetry?

    <p>Bringing women back into the sphere of social production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Marxist theory, what role does the state play?

    <p>A tool of the dominant class to exploit the subordinate class (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marxist feminists, why did women become dependent?

    <p>Because their production was relegated to the private sphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of the Marxist feminist approach?

    <p>It fails to address non-economic forms of oppression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Engels suggest needed to be abolished to liberate women?

    <p>The characteristics of the monogamous family as the economic unit of society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to modern conservatism, what is the ideal role of government in regulating private business?

    <p>Minimal, or no government regulation, allowing the free market to operate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Marxist perspective on how ideology related to material conditions?

    <p>Ideology arises in order to justify existing material conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a core principle of modern conservatism regarding social and cultural issues, drawing from the ideas of Edmund Burke?

    <p>A strong emphasis on tradition, particularly in areas such as religion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central concept of Marx's theory of historical materialism?

    <p>That the way a society produces and uses resources, determines its social and political structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of 'surplus value' in Marxist theory?

    <p>The portion of value added by workers that is retained by the capitalists. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anticipated outcome of the exploitation of the proletariat according to Marxist theory?

    <p>An inevitable social revolution leading to the destruction of capitalism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected transition phase immediately following the destruction of capitalism in Marxist theory?

    <p>A short transition stage before the new order is established. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to modern conservatism, what should be the guiding principle for a country like the United States?

    <p>Traditional American values and institutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the blend of ideas that constitutes modern conservatism?

    <p>The economic ideas of Adam Smith and the social ideas of Edmund Burke. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the classical liberal view on government intervention?

    <p>Government should intervene only to protect property rights and enforce contracts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key distinguishing principle of modern liberalism compared to classical liberalism?

    <p>A recognition that government intervention is sometime necessary to address economic disparities and social needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did modern liberals label classical liberalism as 'negative liberalism'?

    <p>Because it focused primarily on freeing individuals from oppressive structures, rather than actively ensuring societal well-being. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conservatives believe that people are driven by...

    <p>A combination of rationality and powerfully irrational impulses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best reflects the conservative view on societal change?

    <p>Change is acceptable, but it needs to be gradual to allow for adaptation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do conservatives consider government to be essential?

    <p>To maintain law and order and provide stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of classical conservatism is best described as preferring practical experience over theoretical ideals?

    <p>Common Sense and Pragmatism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a perceived failing of the free market that led to the development of modern liberalism?

    <p>The free market produced a large underclass of impoverished individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to critics, what do Marxists assume regarding the division of labor and class rule?

    <p>That the division of labor will be easily solved by abolishing class structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Islamic school of thought suggests that Western-style feminism has led women to which of the following?

    <p>Being primarily valued as sex objects and tools for advertising under patriarchal capitalism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Islamic school of thought emphasize about the roles of men and women?

    <p>Men and women are companions created to complement and comfort each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Islamic perspective presented, what is the significance of the 'complementarity' of women?

    <p>It highlights their roles as partners to men and as mothers and daughters, all with importance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Islamic perspective on women seeking employment?

    <p>It is permissible for women, particularly in roles that fit their nature and societal needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Islamic school, what is a specific right that women possess, as independent human beings?

    <p>The right to seek education and training. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Islamic perspective say about women's different roles throughout their life cycle?

    <p>They are given different roles and responsibilities and are respected for those. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Islamic school view the position of women?

    <p>As complementary to men, with unique roles and responsibilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Islam's view on the relationship between faith and life?

    <p>Faith is an integrated part of life, influencing how and what people do. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main aims of Islam related to aspects of life?

    <p>To establish a balance between the material and the spiritual aspects of life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Islamic perspective on individual accountability?

    <p>Individuals are personally accountable to God, who will hold each responsible of their own actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Islam view the distribution of wealth within the community?

    <p>Wealth should not be allowed to circulate among a limited group of the rich. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'fasces', the root of 'Fascism', mean?

    <p>A bundle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following principles is a core belief within Fascism?

    <p>The state is absolute and totalitarian, controlling all aspects of society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Fascism, how should people view their relationship with their nation?

    <p>The nation is viewed as a human collective with its own personality and goals, and individuals should serve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Fascism's stance toward democracy and constitutional government?

    <p>Fascism rejects such concepts as democracy and constitutional government. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Modern Political Ideology

    • The term "ideology" combines Greek roots, eidos ("word") and logos ("knowledge").
    • Ideologies are value systems or belief systems accepted as truth by groups.
    • Ideologies are comprehensive, pervasive, extensive, and intensive.

    Intellectual Components of an Ideology

    • Values: A set of mental preferences. The most important value defines criteria for other ideas, beliefs, and actions.
    • Vision of the Ideal Polity: A vision of the future, describing a well-organized and managed society.
    • Conception of Human Nature: Beliefs about what motivates and drives people, societies, and governments.
    • Political Tactics: The strategy for transforming existing society into an ideal society.
    • Impersonalities: How the ideology dictates political action to reach goals.

    Functions of Ideology

    • Ideology satisfies basic human needs such as safety, freedom, and community, telling people how to meet these needs.
    • Ideology helps people understand history and societies.
    • Ideology provides a reference point and perspective for understanding the world.
    • Ideology can provide inspiration and motivation, leading to change.

    Classical Liberalism

    • Originated from the Latin word "liber", meaning free.
    • Core tenets include:
      • Individual Freedom: A society that promotes individual freedom for development.
      • Rationality: Individuals are rational and their value is based on their ability to shape their lives.
      • Progress: A concern to improve knowledge, reason, and economic conditions.

    Modern Liberalism

    • Accepts tenets of classical liberalism including individualism, rationality, rule of law, constitutional government, and popular sovereignty (people's right to rule).
    • Acknowledges the importance of a free market but recognizes the need for government intervention to correct failures and reduce poverty.
    • Emphasizes "positive liberalism" to address the need for guaranteeing basic necessities such as education and resources, alongside individual freedoms.

    Classical Conservatism

    • Aims to conserve traditional values and institutions.
    • Key tenets include:
      • Irrational Impulses: Acknowledges people's irrationality alongside rationality.
      • Order and Stability: Priority given to order and stability for society.
      • Gradual Change: Change should happen gradually, not quickly.
      • Common Sense and Pragmatism: Relying on experience and practical action rather than theory.
      • Necessity of Government: The need for talented and well-connected people to lead the government and to secure human rights.

    Modern Conservatism

    • A modern take on conservatism.
    • Draws upon the ideas of economists Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek, emphasizing free markets.
    • Advocates limited government intervention and traditional values. Views traditional values such as morality and religion as essential for society.

    Marxism or Scientific Socialism

    • Based on three ideas:
      • Historical Materialism: Society's resources and production shape its structure.
      • Surplus Value: Workers make products but receive only a fraction of the real value.
      • The Class Struggle: Conflict between the "haves" and "have-nots" driving history.
    • Emphasizes Revolution: This is inevitable leading to a classless society.
    • Includes a transitional phase 'Dictatorship of the Proletariat'.

    Social Democracy

    • Revisionist form of socialism, rejecting the need for revolution.
    • Value focus on the importance of economics, but acknowledging other factors.
    • Focus on reforming society gradually through existing political systems, rather than through revolution.
    • Also called Evolutionary Socialism

    Communism or Marxism-Leninism

    • Draws on Marxist principles but emphasizes a different path.
    • Revolution in a backward nation seen as a way to achieve communism.
    • Formation of a communist party, and the dictatorship of the proletariat a necessary step towards communism.
    • Transition to communism through socialism without necessarily going through a bourgeois state.

    Islam as an Ideology

    • There is debate on whether Islam is considered an ideology. It is classified as a belief system that is divinely inspired, compared to ideology as a human-made concept.
    • Focuses on principles of:
      • Simplicity, rationalism, practicality,
      • Unity of Matter and Spirit,
      • A complete way of life (embracing material and spiritual needs),
      • Balance between individual and society,
      • Universality and Humanism (equating races and classes).
      • The Economic System

    Fascism

    • Comes from the Latin word "fasces" meaning bundle.
    • Core tenets include:
      • Totalitarianism: Absolute control by the state.
      • Nationalism: Glorification of the nation and the nation's will.
      • Antiliberalism: Rejection of democracy and constitutionalism.
      • Militarism and Violence: Glorification of war and violence.
      • Leadership: Hero worship and one-leader, one-party rule.

    Nationalism

    • A modern concept with varying combinations of beliefs and conditions.
    • Defined as an act of consciousness, the individual identifying with their nation-state.
    • Implies a common history, culture, and beliefs resulting in belonging to a larger "we-group".

    Ethnonationalism

    • Belief that a nation should be governed by rulers of the same ethnic group.
    • Concerns itself with the dominance of one group in a nation versus the idea of a united nation.

    Nationalism and Internationalism

    • Often seen as opposing forces:
    • Nationalism fosters intolerance, while internationalism promotes cooperation and understanding among states (nations).
    • Nationalism is linked to feelings of bitterness and hatred among nations.
    • Internationalism promotes peaceful cooperation amongst states..

    Feminism

    • A collective term for systems of belief and theories that emphasize women's rights and their position in society.
    • Feminists advocate for gender equality in all spheres of life (political, economic, and social).
    • Feminism seeks an end to social roles determined by sex, promoting equal pay, education, and opportunities.
    • Different approaches to feminism exist (Liberal, Marxist and Islamic perspectives on feminism).

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental components of modern political ideology in this quiz. Understand how values, visions, conceptions of human nature, and political tactics shape belief systems accepted by groups. Discover the essential functions that ideology serves in society.

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