Modern East Asia: War and Society Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary opposition of Japan's left-wing parties regarding the treaty revision?

  • Desire to strengthen military alliances
  • Acceptance of rearmament for peace
  • Opposition to foreign intervention
  • Rejection of the military alliance with the US (correct)

Which issues caused the clash between the JSP and the LDP?

  • The Peace Constitution and the Security Treaty (correct)
  • Military expansion and diplomatic isolation
  • Trade agreements and foreign relations
  • Economic policies and constitutional revision

What year marked a significant shift in the electoral ratio between the LDP and leftist parties?

  • 2009
  • 1993 (correct)
  • 1980
  • 2001

What fundamental issue did the protests against the Anpo Treaty highlight for Japan?

<p>The identity crisis post-World War II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was a key figure associated with the Anpo Treaty Protests in 1959–1960?

<p>Kishi Nobusuke (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the relationship with the US did the leftist opposition primarily focus on?

<p>The military alliance itself (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the stance of conservatives during the JSP-LDP clash?

<p>Demand for constitutional revision and treaty preservation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Anpo Treaty Protests?

<p>A rise in national identity issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of Japan's surrender to the Allied Powers in 1945?

<p>The implementation of the Peace Constitution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shift occurred in the US-led Occupation policy in postwar Japan?

<p>From demilitarization to economic reconstruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributed to the 'Reverse Course' during the US-led Occupation of Japan?

<p>Restoring conservative forces' influence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the political climate in Japan during the 1950s following the Occupation?

<p>Repeated clashes between conservative and leftist forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main goals of the Allied Powers after Japan's defeat in World War II?

<p>Support US Cold War objectives in Asia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legacy did the Occupation leave for postwar Japan?

<p>A mix of democratic ideals and conservative restoration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the labor movement influence postwar Japanese society?

<p>It strengthened leftist movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these forces gained momentum due to the 'Reverse Course' policy?

<p>Conservative political forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the US when it brought Mao and Chiang together for negotiations?

<p>To prevent full scale civil war and promote democracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event took place on October 1, 1949?

<p>The establishment of the People's Republic of China (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a result of the Great Leap Forward?

<p>A radical failure leading to famine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main features of Mao's Great Leap Forward?

<p>Mass mobilization of labor through rural communes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the US provide to Chiang's Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War?

<p>Substantial aid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mao's approach during the Great Leap Forward advocated for which of the following?

<p>Economic development through spontaneous people’s power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crisis did post-war Japan face that involved nationwide demonstrations?

<p>The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which political figure rose to prominence in China after Mao Zedong?

<p>Deng Xiaoping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major geopolitical issue did the Chinese Civil War amplify?

<p>Division between Communism and Nationalism in China (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system emerged in post-war Japan to maintain stability?

<p>The 1955 System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of private ownership being forbidden for farmers?

<p>Many farmers killed their livestock. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue did farmers face during the Great Leap Forward?

<p>Crops rotting unharvested in the fields. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major social movement began in 1966 in China?

<p>The Cultural Revolution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Deng Xiaoping differ in his leadership style from Mao Zedong?

<p>Deng did not take top offices or titles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phrase reflects Deng Xiaoping's pragmatic approach to economic reform?

<p>It does not matter whether a cat is black or white as long as it catches mice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant issue arose from the Maoist mass mobilization campaigns?

<p>Deforestation and soil erosion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a critical outcome of the Cultural Revolution?

<p>Purging of many people from the Communist Party. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the 1955 System in Japan?

<p>Division between conservatives and liberals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of Mao stepping down in 1959?

<p>A faction attempting to seize power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Mutual Security Treaty signify for postwar Japan?

<p>Integration into US-led Cold War politics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chinese Civil War

The conflict between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists after World War II.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Communist Party of China who established the People's Republic of China in 1949.

People's Republic of China (PRC)

The government established by Mao Zedong in 1949, taking control of mainland China.

Great Leap Forward

An economic and social campaign led by Mao Zedong aiming for rapid modernization.

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Rural People's Communes

Groups created by Mao to organize farmers into labor units for rapid industrialization.

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Kuomintang

The Chinese Nationalist Party, which retreated to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil War.

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US involvement in Chinese Civil War

The US attempted to mediate and provided support to the Nationalists.

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Maoism

Mao Zedong's political and economic ideology, emphasizing the power of the people for development.

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Failures of Great Leap Forward

The campaign led to widespread famine and economic setbacks.

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1955 System

Post-war political and diplomatic system in post-war Japan.

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LDP

The Liberal Democratic Party, a conservative party in Japan that has consistently held a strong majority in Japanese politics since its establishment in 1955.

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JSP

The Japan Socialist Party, a left-wing party in Japan that traditionally challenged the LDP's dominance.

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Electoral Ratio

The proportion of votes received by different political parties in an election.

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1947 Peace Constitution

Japan's post-war constitution, which renounced war and established a pacifist foreign policy.

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1951 Security Treaty

A security pact between Japan and the United States, allowing the US to have military bases in Japan.

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Anpo Treaty Protests

Large-scale protests in Japan during the late 1950s and early 1960s against revisions to the US-Japan Security Treaty.

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Identity Crisis in 1960s Japan

A period of internal conflict in Japan following World War II, where the nation struggled to define its role and identity in a changing global landscape.

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Why were the Anpo Treaty protests so widespread?

The protests stemmed from a rejection of the treaty's core principle of military alliance with the US, representing a broader societal debate about Japan's relationship with the world.

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Great Leap Forward famine

A period of widespread famine in China during the 1950s, resulting in millions of deaths due to government policies and poor agricultural practices.

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Mao's Cultural Revolution

A sociopolitical movement in China (1966-1976) aimed at rejecting traditional and Western influences and promoting a new socialist culture.

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Deng Xiaoping's reforms

Economic and technological reforms in China (post-Mao) promoting market-based practices.

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Mao's death

Death of Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong in 1976, initiating a power struggle and a shift in the country's direction.

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Collective farming

Government organization of agriculture where farms are owned by the government, not private individuals.

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Deng Xiaoping's pragmatism

Deng Xiaoping's approach to leadership, focusing on practical results over ideology (black or white cat).

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Market-based economic reforms

Economic policies focusing on free markets, trade, and investment to foster economic development.

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Cultural Revolution

Radical social and political movement that aimed to purge traditional and capitalist influences in Chinese society.

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Mao's role in the Great Leap Forward

Mao Zedong's leadership during the Great Leap Forward, a disastrous economic campaign aiming for rapid modernization, ultimately contributing to famine.

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Postwar Japan's 1955 System

Japanese political and economic reorganization in the 1950s, influenced by postwar US-Japan alliances and the Cold War environment. (Note: insufficient detail provided to fully define this concept)

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Post-War Japan

The period in Japan after World War II, marked by US occupation and significant political and economic changes.

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Peace Constitution

Japan's post-war constitution, adopted in 1947, which renounced war and established a pacifist stance.

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Reverse Course

A shift in US Occupation policy towards supporting Japan's economic growth and rearmament.

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Cold War Influence

The impact of the Cold War on Japan's political and economic development, leading to the US supporting Japan's rise as a counterweight to communism in Asia.

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Conflict and Compromise

The tensions and clashes that arose in post-war Japan between those advocating for a pacifist, democratic society and those seeking a return to pre-war structures.

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Socialist Revolutions in China

Series of social and economic experiments led by Mao Zedong, from the late 1950s to the 1970s, aiming for rapid modernization, resulting in significant suffering and a totalitarian regime.

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Problems of Socialism in Practice

The challenges and limitations of implementing socialist ideals in real-world contexts, often leading to economic inefficiency, political repression, and human suffering.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: History and Human Beings: Nation, Society, and War in Modern East Asia
  • Course Code: GEK10039-01
  • Instructor: Dr. Seungyop Shin
  • Institution: Handong University
  • School: School of Global Leadership

Learning Objectives

  • Explore China's division along political and ideological lines before 1945, including the Chinese Civil War and the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Analyze the retreat of the Kuomintang to Taiwan.
  • Examine Mao Zedong's rise to power after 1949, his rule's policies and failures, and impactful radical socialist movements.
  • Discuss Deng Xiaoping's rise and China's reforms and opening-up since the 1970s, along with current political, diplomatic and geopolitical issues.
  • Analyze postwar Japan's political & diplomatic issues, the identity crisis, and the protests against the revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in 1960.
  • Examine the 1955 System in post-war Japan and the challenges it faced.

China Since 1945: The Chinese Civil War

  • The US attempted to mediate between Mao and Chiang for peace negotiations after WWII.
  • Tensions between Nationalists and Communists escalated after WWII, leading to the Chinese Civil War.
  • The Soviet Union supported the Communists, while the US supported the Nationalists.
  • The Communists gained control over Manchuria, which played a key role in their ultimate victory.
  • The Communists gained control of Beijing in January 1949; Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Taiwan with his followers.
  • On October 1, 1949, Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China.

China Since 1945: The Great Leap Forward

  • Mao attempted significant departures from the Soviet model, emphasizing mass mobilization and popular enthusiasm for industrialization.
  • The Great Leap Forward (1958-62) aimed at transitioning to genuine communism through rural communes.
  • This involved organizing farmers into production brigades, which were divided into platoons and supervised by battalions.
  • Women joined the labor force, participating in collective nurseries, and mess halls.
  • The movement experienced failures and significant problems, like widespread famine and significant crop failures.
  • Issues arose from the overestimation of yields, coupled with inadequate infrastructure and support for rural organizations, which resulted in widespread starvation.

China Since 1945: The Great Leap Forward - Failure Analysis

  • Private ownership was forbidden, leading to decreased farmer work incentives.
  • Farmers were encouraged to focus on overproduction rather than harvesting properly, which caused significant food waste.
  • Maoist mass mobilization campaigns led to environmental damage due to deforestation and soil erosion.
  • The average daily calorie intake in China fell below a healthy number in the 1960s and 1961.

China Since 1945: The Cultural Revolution

  • In 1959, Mao stepped down as head of the Chinese government; In 1966, he encouraged young students to participate in the revolution in Beijing
  • Mao attempted to maintain power through The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976).
  • The revolution aimed to reject old traditions and western influences.

China Since 1945: Deng Xiaoping and Market-Based Economic Reform

  • Mao died in 1976; attempts were made to seize power from ultra-radical colleagues, and senior military figures staged a counter-coup.
  • Deng Xiaoping, a senior figure, promoted economic and technological reforms.
  • The reforms emphasized pragmatism and market-based economics, including foreign trade, investment, profit-seeking, and stock exchanges.
  • China's GDP experienced substantial growth from the 1970s onwards.

A New Japan in the New World: Postwar Japan (1952-1960)

  • Issues regarding the Mutual Security Treaty, which were viewed by different parties with different opinions, often in conflict.
  • The 1955 System: JSP and LDP had disagreements over the 1947 Peace Constitution and the 1951 Security Treaty, leading to significant political unrest.
  • The Anpo Treaty Protests (1959-1960): Political protests by leftist parties and students against the revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, highlighting issues with the state of Japan after WWII, the treaty, and the overall direction of the Japanese government.

Discussion Questions

  • Analyze political and ideological differences between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang during the Chinese Civil War, and how this led to the People's Republic of China's establishment.
  • Evaluate the failures of Mao's socialist revolutions and their economic and social consequences. Identify the shortcomings of socialism as a practical ideology.
  • Evaluate the political, social, and economic transformations in postwar Japan and the United States' role during the Cold War.
  • Describe the impact of the 1960 protests against the revisions of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty on Japan's political landscape.

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Week 14 Lecture Slides: History and Human Beings

Description

Test your knowledge on the intricate history of modern East Asia, focusing on the political and ideological divisions in China prior to 1945, Mao Zedong's rise, and the evolution of Japan post-war. This quiz covers key events including the Chinese Civil War, Taiwan's Kuomintang retreat, and Japan's political challenges in the 1960s.

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