Questions and Answers
Translate the following from Weiner to Fisher-Rice nomenclature: R0
Translate the following from Fisher-Rice to Weiner nomenclature: CdE
Which of the following antibodies are most common in the Caucasian population?
What percentage of the population is Rh positive?
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Which of the following are cold antibodies?
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Of the following antibodies, which tend to react only in the AHG phase?
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Which of the following antibodies can cause in-vitro hemolysis?
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Which of the following antibodies is associated with delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction?
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What is the discrepancy in a patient with GI disease typed as the following: aA: 4+, aB: 2+, Ac: 0, Bc: 4+?
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Hepatic, pancreatic, and testicular cancer show an increase in which of the following markers?
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Of the following cardiac biomarkers, which is the first to rise and which sticks around the longest?
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What is the most common cause of pre-hepatic jaundice?
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In pre-hepatic jaundice, what are the levels of unconjugated bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, urine bili, and urine urobili?
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What are the levels of unconjugated bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, urine bili, and urine urobili in a patient with bile obstruction?
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All of the following are correctly matched with their underlying mechanisms and outcomes, EXCEPT:
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What are the normal ranges for pH, pCO2, and HCO3?
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Which of the following is a gram positive cocci that appears in clusters, catalase negative, and causes toxic shock syndrome?
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A 25-year-old female patient presents with burning upon urination and has recently been sexually active. A vaginal swab is cultured and is found to be novobiocin resistant, oxidase negative, and coagulase negative. Which of the following is the likely cause of the infection?
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Which of the following is a GPC, catalase positive, alpha hemolytic optochin sensitive organism?
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A swab collected from the nasopharynx is cultured on BAP and produces a beta hemolytic colony that appears to be susceptible to bacitracin. Which of the following is most likely causing the infection?
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Streptococcus agalactiae is a bacitracin sensitive organism.
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Strep viridans is normal flora of the upper respiratory tract.
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Group D Strep is bile esculin negative.
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Group B Strep causes scarlet fever.
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Group B Strep is significant when found in urine cultures of pregnant women.
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Enterococcus is resistant to bacitracin.
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Staph epidermidis is the causative agent of Toxic Shock Syndrome and is sensitive to novobiocin.
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MRSA is resistant to penicillin and must be treated with vancomycin.
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A non-spore forming, branching, GP bacillus was recovered from an immunocompromised patient who was suffering from shortness of breath and wheezing. Which of the following fits this clinical picture?
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A fisherman noticed a rash on his arm and decided to go to the clinic after it persisted for a week. A gram positive bacillus was recovered and tested positive for H2S production, was catalase negative, and non-spore forming. Which of the following organisms is likely to be affecting the fisherman?
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A gram negative coccobacillus is recovered that is found to require only X factor to grow. Which of the following species requires only X factor to grow?
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Which of the following species of Haemophilus requires no X and V factors for growth and can convert ALA to protoporphyrin?
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Haemophilus parainfluenzae is the only species of Haemophilus to require only X or V factor.
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The group Enterobacteriaceae is known for several characteristics. Which of the following choices is the accurate description for the group?
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If Enterobacteriaceae are lactose fermenters, which Genus are possible suspects?
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Of the lactose fermenting enteric bacteria, which of the following reacts with methyl red?
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Which of the following is a differential test for the enteric bacteria E.coli and Citrobacter?
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Of the methyl red negative, lactose fermenting enteric bacteria, which of the following are positive for motility?
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Which of the following biochemical tests differentiates Enterobacter aerogenes from E.cloaceae and E.sakazakii?
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Which of the following biochemical tests differentiates Klebsiella oxytoca from K.pneumoniae?
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Of the non-lactose fermenting enteric bacteria, which does not react with methyl red?
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Of the non-lactose fermenting enteric bacteria that react with methyl red, which is motile?
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Which biochemical test differentiates Shigella dysenteriae?
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Shigella sonnei is differentiated from S. ______ and S. ______ with ONPG positive reaction.
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Study Notes
Nomenclature Translations
- R0 translates to Weiner nomenclature as cDe.
- CdE translates to Weiner nomenclature as ry.
Antibody Prevalence and Rh Factor
- The most common antibody in the Caucasian population is antibody e.
- Approximately 85% of the population is Rh positive.
Antibodies and Hemolysis
- Cold antibodies include M, N, P.
- Kidd, Kell, and Duffy antibodies react primarily in the AHG phase.
- Kidd and Kell, Lewis and P1, as well as ABO can cause in-vitro hemolysis.
- The Kidd antibody is associated with delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions.
Blood Typing Discrepancies
- In cases of GI disease, a patient may produce an acquired B antigen, resulting from sugar cleavage on the A antigen.
Tumor Markers
- Hepatic, pancreatic, and testicular cancers show an increase in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).
Cardiac Biomarkers
- Myoglobin rises first among cardiac biomarkers, while Troponin remains elevated the longest.
Jaundice Mechanisms
- The most common cause of pre-hepatic jaundice is hemolytic anemias.
- In pre-hepatic jaundice, unconjugated bilirubin levels are increased, conjugated is normal, with urine bilirubin negative and urine urobilinogen increased.
- In bile obstruction, levels of unconjugated bilirubin are normal, conjugated bilirubin is increased, urine bilirubin is positive, and urine urobilinogen is negative.
Bilirubin Disorders
- Gilbert's Disease involves immature UGT leading to elevated unconjugated bilirubin.
- Crigler-Najjar syndrome shows increased unconjugated bilirubin due to absent UGT, and the prolific UGT form causes increased conjugated bilirubin.
- Dubin-Johnson syndrome results from un-excretable bilirubin, increasing unconjugated levels.
Acid-Base Balance
- Normal ranges: pH (7.35-7.45), pCO2 (35-45 mmHg), and HCO3 (22-26 mEq/L).
Gram-Positive Cocci
- Staphylococcus aureus is a catalase-negative cocci that appears in clusters and causes toxic shock syndrome.
- Coagulase negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a likely cause of urinary tract infections in sexually active women.
Alpha-Hemolytic Organisms
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is an alpha-hemolytic Gram-positive cocci that is optochin sensitive.
Bacterial Cultures
- Beta-hemolytic bacteria from nasopharyngeal cultures that are bacitracin susceptible is likely Streptococcus pyogenes.
- Streptococcus agalactiae is bacitracin resistant.
Group D Streptococcus
- Group D Streptococcus is bile esculin positive but not significant when found in urine cultures.
Resistance Patterns
- Enterococcus species are resistant to bacitracin.
- MRSA is resistant to penicillin and needs treatment with vancomycin.
Organsims Associated with Specific Conditions
- Nocardia spp. is a non-spore forming, branching Gram-positive bacillus associated with respiratory symptoms in immunocompromised patients.
- Erysipelothrix spp. may affect fishermen with non-spore forming infections.
- Haemophilus ducreyi requires only X factor for growth, while Haemophilus aphrophilus needs neither.
Enterobacteriaceae Characteristics
- The Enterobacteriaceae family includes Gram-negative rods, catalase positive, oxidase negative, capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite, facultative anaerobes that ferment glucose.
- Lactose fermenters among Enterobacteriaceae include E. coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Enterobacter.
- Methyl red positive lactose fermenters include E. coli and Citrobacter.
Biochemical Tests for Differentiation
- Citrate tests can differentiate between Enterobacter aerogenes and other Enterobacter species.
- Indole tests distinguish Klebsiella oxytoca from K. pneumoniae.
- Shigella dysenteriae is identified through mannitol fermentation tests.
- Non-lactose fermenting bacteria that are methyl red positive and motile include Shigella.
Enteric Bacteria and Pathogens
- Non-lactose fermenters with H2S production include Proteus spp. and Edwardsiella spp.
- The differentiation of Proteus vulgaris from P. mirabilis can be accomplished via indole testing.
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Description
Test your knowledge on MLS terminology and nomenclature translations with this high yield review. This quiz covers important concepts such as Weiner and Fisher-Rice systems, and antibody prevalence in populations. Perfect for students preparing for MLS exams.
