MLS 2A - Cytogenetics 1st Semester

Questions and Answers

What is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions?

Atom

Organ

Tissue

Cell (correct)

Which statement accurately reflects the principles of cell theory?

All living things are made up of tissues.

Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (correct)

Cells generate spontaneously from non-living materials.

All cells are prokaryotic in nature.

What type of transport does exocytosis represent?

Active transport (correct)

Passive transport

Endocytosis

Facilitated diffusion

Which process describes the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration?

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of a cell membrane determines its semi-permeability?

It selectively allows certain substances to pass. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily considered somatic cells?

Muscle and nerve cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes germ cells from somatic cells?

Germ cells are haploid. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor associated with accelerated telomere shortening?

Chronic stress Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of stem cells?

To differentiate into specialized cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanisms can halt mitosis according to cell cycle control?

High cell density Signup and view all the answers

What role do checkpoints play during the cell cycle?

To ensure chromosomes are correctly replicated and apportioned Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the apoptosis checkpoint is activated?

Survivin proteins override apoptosis signals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about telomerase is true?

It maintains chromosome length in certain cells Signup and view all the answers

How does the rate of telomere shortening relate to cellular aging?

It provides a cellular 'clock' Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of insufficient mitosis?

Unrepaired injuries Signup and view all the answers

Which types of cells typically show no telomere shortening?

Cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

Digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the synthesis of lipids?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cytoskeleton play in the cell?

Maintains cell shape and size Signup and view all the answers

What are microfilaments primarily composed of?

Actin Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes microtubules?

They are hollow tubes that assist in cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough ER is responsible for protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is known for being rare in plant cells?

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the endoplasmic reticulum's role as the intracellular highway?

It facilitates movement of molecules within the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vacuole in a prokaryotic cell?

Storage of substances Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

Presence of a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is part of the eukaryotic cell's mitochondria?

Cristae Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells?

Medium for chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?

Acts as a barrier for protection Signup and view all the answers

How do prokaryotes primarily reproduce?

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of life in all living organisms?

Cell Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ribosomes is correct?

They are involved in protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cell division results in the formation of four genetically diverse gametes?

Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a structural feature of prokaryotic cells?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy in mitochondria?

Organic compounds Signup and view all the answers

What structure carries genomic information from one cell to another?

Chromosome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the human genome?

Chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of stem cells in the human body?

To differentiate into various cell types Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Genome and Cell Gene

Human genome consists of units of heredity and is vital for understanding genetics.
Chromosomes, threadlike structures made of protein, carry genomic information between cells.

Cell Theory

Basic principles: all living things are comprised of cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells through division.
Cell part functions include containing DNA (in the nucleus) and facilitating transport and communication via the cell membrane.

Cellular Functions

Cell membranes are semi-permeable, allowing selective substance passage.
Diffusion occurs when molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentration; osmosis specifically refers to water movement across membranes.
Isotonic solutions maintain cell structure by keeping water in equilibrium.

Cellular Components

Prokaryotic cells have a simple structure, including a capsule, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleic region. They reproduce asexually (binary fission) or sexually (conjugation).
Eukaryotic cells are more complex, containing a nucleus and organelles. They exist in multicellular organisms like plants and animals.

Organelles and Their Functions

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, converting organic compounds into ATP and possessing their own DNA.
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest cellular waste, proteins, and foreign invaders; they are rarer in plant cells.
The endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) functions as an intracellular highway for molecule transport.
Cytoskeleton consists of microfilaments and microtubules that maintain cell shape and facilitate movement.

Cell Cycle and Division

The cell cycle consists of phases, including mitosis and meiosis, essential for growth and reproduction.
Checkpoints (DNA and apoptosis) regulate cell division, ensuring DNA replication accuracy and cell health.

Telomeres and Aging

Telomeres, protective caps on chromosome ends, shorten with each cell division, serving as a cellular "clock."
Factors like stress and poor health can accelerate telomere shortening, linking it to aging and chronic diseases.

Stem Cells

Stem cells are diploid and can differentiate into various cell types while self-renewing to maintain their population, essential for development and tissue repair.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of human genome and cell gene in this quiz focused on Cytogenetics. Covering topics like the units of heredity and the application of genetics, this assessment is tailored for Medical Laboratory Sciences students in their first semester.