مقدمة في تقنيات الرسم

Introduction to Painting Techniques

• Painting involves a mixture of pigment and binder.
• Pigments provide color, while binders hold the pigment in place.
• Various binders include oils, gum arabic, egg, milk, animal glue, wax, and acrylic resin.
• Different pigments yield distinct colors.
• Proper mixing of pigment and binder results in a good quality paint.

Grinding and Mixing

• Grinding and mixing pigments with binder are crucial for paint creation.
• Grinding ensures thorough blending of pigment and binder.
• Mixing disperses pigment particles evenly within the binder.
• A smooth, silky mixture is the goal of grinding and mixing.
• This results in an even paint film that adheres to the surface without separation.

Traditional Color Extraction

• Artists historically created their own paints from natural sources.
• Minerals, plants, insects, animals, and fish provided colorants.
• Earth, minerals, and their compounds were considered a fundamental source of art, science and medicine.
• Direct interaction with natural raw materials allowed artists to appreciate nature's sacredness while drawing inspiration.
• Traditional methods involved processes of reflection on the natural world.

Mineral Pigments

• Mineral pigments make up a significant portion (at least 95%) of pigments used in traditional painting techniques.
• Can be used in tempera, egg tempera, and oil painting.
• Traditional methods involve grinding and washing semi-precious stones to separate colorants from impurities.
• Tools like pestles and mortars are used to grind the stones to a fine powder

Plant Pigments

• Plant-derived pigments, known as "lakes," are vibrant and highly translucent.
• Common in historical Indian and Persian miniature paintings.
• Often used in glazing techniques for adding depth and richness to oil paintings.
• Less consistent than mineral pigments; they are fugitive colors, meaning their intensity can fade over time.

Aqueous Extraction of Plant Pigments

• Involves soaking plants in hot water with potash lye or other alkali to extract the pigment.
• Separating the pigment from the plant material using a screen or filter.
• A solution of alum (potassium aluminum sulfate) can be used to fix colors for dyeing fabrics.

Types of Binders

• Egg tempera uses egg yolk as a binder.
• Animal glue (rabbit skin glue) is an alternative binder for painting and preparing surfaces.
• Natural gum arabic serves as a binding agent for tempera paints.

Preparing Surfaces for Painting

• Surfaces like wood, plaster, metal, and glass can be used for painting.
• Preparation methods depend on the material.
• Various techniques include applying plaster or gypsum as a base on walls or surfaces to obtain a smooth uniform surface.
• Preparation involves smoothing, priming, and grounding the surface, often using additives for cohesion and durability.

Other Techniques and Materials

• Techniques like tempera and encaustic use different types of binders.
• Tempera, a medieval technique for mural and panel paintings, involves combining ground pigments with a binder like egg, gum arabic, or casein.
• Encaustic painting involves melting wax and mixing it with pigments.
• Oil painting uses oil as a medium to bind pigments.

يتناول هذا الاختبار أساسيات تقنيات الرسم بما في ذلك خلط الأصباغ والمربط. يستعرض الاختبار كيفية استخراج الألوان من المصادر التقليدية ويشرح أهمية طحن ومزج الأصباغ لتكوين الطلاء. تعلم كيفية الحصول على طلاء عالي الجودة سيكون من أهم أهداف هذا الاختبار.