مقدمة في التشريح: الحزام الكتفي

Introduction to Anatomy

• Prepared by Professor Amjad Al-Shatarat, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aqaba Medical Sciences University, 2024.

Shoulder Girdle

• Composed of the clavicle and scapula.
• The clavicle articulates medially with the manubrium of the sternum and laterally with the acromion of the scapula.
• The clavicle has two ends: acromial (lateral) and sternal (medial).

Scapula

• Has three important processes: acromion, coracoid, and glenoid cavity.
• The glenoid cavity articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.

Bones of the Upper Limbs

• The upper limb includes the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

Humerus

• The bone of the arm.
• Has an upper end, lower end, and a shaft.
• The upper end includes the head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubercle, and lesser tubercle.
• The lower end includes the medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, capitulum, and trochlea.

Bones of the Forearm

• The forearm has two bones: the ulna (medial) and the radius (lateral).
• The ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm.
• The radius is located on the lateral side of the forearm.
• The ulna is a long bone with an olecranon process, trochlear notch, coronoid process, and ulnar tuberosity.
• The radius has a head, neck, radial tuberosity, and a styloid process.

The Elbow Joint

• The humerus, radius, and ulna meet at the elbow joint.
• Structures like the trochlea, capitulum, trochlear notch, and radial notch are important for the joint's function.

Carpal Bones

• The wrist is made up of several small bones called carpal bones.
• The carpal bones are arranged in two rows: proximal and distal rows.
• Important carpals include scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.

Metatarsals and Phalanges

• Metatarsals are bones of the foot connected to the tarsals.
• Phalanges are the toe bones, connected to the metatarsals.

Foot Arches

• The arches of the foot are crucial for weight distribution.
• The arches typically mature fully by the age range of 12-13 years of age.
• The three major arches in the foot are the medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, and transverse arch.

Flat Foot

• A condition where the medial longitudinal arch of the foot is collapsed or depressed.
• It can be congenital or acquired.

Hip Bone

• Composed of three separate bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis.
• They fuse to form one hip bone.
• The hip bones articulate with each other at the pubic symphysis and the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.

Femur

• The thigh bone.
• Has an upper end, lower end, and a shaft.
• Important structures include the head of the femur, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, linea aspera, lateral condyle, and medial condyle.

Tibia

• The larger of the two lower leg bones.
• Has an upper end, lower end, and a shaft.
• Important features include the lateral and medial condyles, tuberosity of the tibia, anterior border (shin), and medial malleolus.

Fibula

• The smaller of the two lower leg bones.
• Has an upper end, lower end, and a shaft.
• An important feature is the lateral malleolus.

Patella

• The kneecap.
• It is a sesamoid bone within the patellar ligament.