آناتومی اندام فوقانی

Overview of the Upper Limb

• The upper limb includes the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand.
• Each part has specific bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.
• Functions include reaching, grasping, manipulating objects, and providing sensory input.
• Mobility and dexterity are crucial for daily tasks.

Shoulder Girdle

• The shoulder girdle comprises the scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collarbone).
• The scapula is a flat, triangular bone that articulates with the humerus (upper arm bone) at the glenohumeral joint.
• The clavicle acts as a strut between the sternum (breastbone) and the scapula, providing stability and leverage.
• The acromioclavicular (AC) joint connects the scapula to the clavicle.
• The sternoclavicular (SC) joint connects the clavicle to the sternum.

Arm

• The arm is the region between the shoulder and the elbow.
• The humerus is the primary bone, a long bone with a head that connects with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
• The humerus's distal end joins the radius and ulna at the elbow joint..
• The glenohumeral joint is a ball-and-socket joint allowing a wide range of movement.

Elbow Joint

• The elbow joint connects the arm to the forearm.
• It involves the articulation of the humerus, radius, and ulna.
• The elbow allows flexion, extension, and pronation/supination.
• Stability comes from bony articulations and strong supporting ligaments.

Forearm

• The forearm is between the elbow and wrist.
• It consists of the radius and ulna, two parallel long bones.
• The radius connects with the ulna at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints.
• Radius and ulna articulate with the carpals at the wrist for wrist movements.
• Pronation and supination of the forearm rotate the hand, facilitated by radius and ulna interaction.

Wrist and Hand

• The wrist connects the forearm to the hand, formed by eight carpal bones.
• The carpal bones are arranged in two rows for complex wrist movements.
• Five metacarpal bones form the hand's framework.
• They connect to the proximal phalanx of each finger and the carpals.
• Fingers have three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) except the thumb, which has two.
• Wrist and hand enable precise grip and fine motor skills.

Muscles of the Upper Limb

• Numerous muscles throughout the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand enable various movements.
• Muscles are categorized by function and location (e.g., rotator cuff, forearm flexors/extensors).
• Muscle groups control motions like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation at different joints.

Nerves of the Upper Limb

• Nerves control muscle function and upper limb sensation.
• Key nerves include axillary, radial, ulnar, median, musculocutaneous, and suprascapular nerves.
• These nerves branch throughout the limb, providing sensation and enabling movement.
• Nerve damage causes movement and sensory issues.

Blood Vessels of the Upper Limb

• Blood vessels carry oxygen and nutrients to the upper limb.
• Key arteries: subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
• Circulatory system disruptions can cause issues.

Clinical Significance

• Fractures, dislocations, and sprains are common upper limb injuries.
• Nerve damage or compression syndromes can lead to pain and altered function.
• Conditions like rotator cuff tears, carpal tunnel syndrome, and tennis elbow impact the upper limb.
• Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for recovery.