مقدمة في إدارة اللوجستيات

Introduction to Logistics Management

• Logistics originated as a military concept, used by the French army in 1905 to efficiently manage supply delivery.
• World War II saw widespread application, contributing to Allied victory.
• Post-war, logistics transitioned to business logistics, proven to account for roughly 40% of a product's cost in developed countries.
• Because production methods are similar across companies, competitive advantage hinges on minimizing logistical costs—supporting production activities.
• Pre-production activities include purchasing raw materials, transportation, storage, insurance, and relevant banking.
• During production, internal handling processes are part of logistics.
• Post-production activities include packaging, promotion, warehousing, transportation, insurance, and post-sale services.
• Integration across these activities (economies of scale) and the use of information systems are key features.

Logistics Management Concepts and Importance

• Logistics management is the component of supply chain management responsible for planning, implementing, and controlling efficient and effective flow of goods, services, and information from origin to consumption to meet customer requirements.
• It manages incoming and outgoing materials, transport fleets, warehouses, and handling of goods, order fulfillment, and designing logistics flow networks while overseeing external logistics service providers.
• Other functions include sourcing, purchasing, production planning and scheduling, packaging and assembly, and customer service—spanning strategic, operational, and tactical levels of planning and execution.

Third-Party Logistics (3PL) Implementation

• Some businesses outsource some or all logistics services to a 3PL, acting as intermediaries between suppliers/producers and customers.
• 3PLs handle diverse logistical duties and often aggregate multiple functions for reduced costs and enhanced customer service.
• Outsourcing is a form of vertical disaggregation.
• Reasons to employ 3PLs include:
  • The core business does not center on logistics.
  • Insufficient resources (human or capital) for optimal international performance.
  • Lack of time for logistics development.
  • New business ventures requiring different logistics needs.
  • Potential cost savings through outsourcing over fully integrated operations.

Reverse, Integrated, and Global Logistics

• Reverse logistics involves the handling and movement of materials from consumers back to producers or suppliers, encompassing customer returns, defective units, and packaging.
• Integrated logistics coordinates forward and reverse flows, with remanufacturing facilities located near customers for optimal material return flows.
• Global logistics factors involve distances, currencies, customs regulations, cultures, languages, political situations, and international work practices for global production.

Elements of the Logistics System

• Location: Site selection significantly influences logistics system performance.
• Transportation: A critical link in logistics networks. Key considerations include equipment availability (purchase/lease), contracts with transportation specialists, and public transport options.
• Packaging and Warehousing: Optimal product packaging is crucial for consumer delivery and is a significant marketing element. Packaging is crucial for physical product protection and enhancement of marketing appeals.
  • Packaging considerations include cost, product retention, product aesthetics, and ease of use and environmental impact.
• Purchasing, Handling, and Storage:
  • Critical elements of logistics—efficient handling is crucial for minimizing costs and improving flexibility.
  • Considerations include material types and sizes, which affect warehouse layouts and handling systems.

Supply Chain Management (SCM)

• Supply Chain Definition: A sequence of organizations, facilities, activities, and functions involved in producing and delivering a product or service.
• Key Supply Chain Components: Facilities (warehouses/factories/retail/offices), functions (forecasting/purchasing/inventory/quality/scheduling/production/distribution/delivery/customer service).
• Flows: Material and information flow both ways (to and from customers, throughout the supply chain).
• SCM encompasses the entire chain from raw materials to end-customer delivery, involving businesses, facilities, and personnel.
• SCM is a dynamic, complex network; a broad vision, aligning organizational interests is also important.

Importance and Benefits of SCM

• Companies leverage SCM to optimize operations, enhance purchasing, and reduce shipping expenses.
• Increasing importance in competitive markets, globalized environments, and e-commerce growth.

Fundamental Principles of SCM

• Companies seek to balance customer demands and profitability objectives via seven SCM principles:
  • Customizing supply chains for optimal customer service in segmented markets.
  • Adapting networks to match customer needs and expectations.
  • Utilizing market insights to optimize forecasts and resource allocation.
  • Focusing on product excellence to adapt quickly in supply chain operations.
  • Prioritizing strategic cost management in the supply chain.
  • Utilizing technology to enhance efficiency and information flow.
  • Integrating performance metrics for successful execution.

E-SCM Tools

• Internet
• E-data interchange (EDI)
• SCM software

SCM Elements

• Planning: Strategic and tactical aspects concerning customer demand forecasting and supply chain configuration.
• Sourcing: Vendor selection, pricing, shipping, payments, and inventory management from suppliers.
• Making: Production scheduling, quality control, and final product preparation.
• Delivery: Order fulfillment, warehousing, transport coordination, invoicing, and collection/payment.
• Returns: Handling defective or excess products, resolving customer complaints.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

• CRM is a holistic strategy focused on identifying and understanding profitable customer segments.
• Its goals include increased customer retention and loyalty, and new customer acquisition.

Value Chains

• Value Chain Definition: A systematic approach for recognizing and determining competitive advantages and sources at an organizational level.
• Value Chain Activities:
  • Primary Activities: Involved in product creation and delivery.
• Inbound logistics:* Warehousing input products.
• Operations:* Production and transformation.
• Outbound logistics:* Product distribution.
• Marketing & sales:* Customer engagement.
• Service:* Post-sale support.
  • Secondary Activities (Support Activities): Support primary activities.
• Firm infrastructure:* General administration.
• Human resource management:* Employee support.
• Technology development:* Process optimization.
• Procurement:* Input acquisition.

Understanding Logistics vs. Supply Chain Management

• Logistics: A subset of SCM that manages the internal flow of goods, services, and information within an organization.
• SCM: Encompasses the entire flow of goods, services, and information in the overall supply chain connecting various organizations. SCM includes logistics but spans external interactions and relationships.

تستعرض هذه الأسئلة مفاهيم إدارة اللوجستيات وأهميتها. من مفهومها العسكري في عام 1905 إلى تأثيرها في الاقتصاد الحديث، يتناول الاختبار العمليات المختلفة التي تشمل قبل وأثناء وبعد الإنتاج. تعرف على كيفية تحقيق الفائدة التنافسية من خلال تقليل التكاليف اللوجستية.