مقدمة في علم الأحياء
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Questions and Answers

من هو العالم المعروف بأنه 'أب علم التشريح الحديث'؟

  • فيساليه (correct)
  • ويلم هارفي
  • جالين
  • مارسيلو مالبيغي
  • ما هي المساهمة الرئيسية لجيمس واتسون وفرانسيس كريك؟

  • وصف الدورة الدموية
  • نموذج الدنا اللولبي المزدوج (correct)
  • اكتشاف الكريات الدم الحمراء
  • تصنيف الكائنات الحية
  • أي من المفكرين وضع نظام التسمية الثنائي للكائنات الحية؟

  • أرسطو
  • كارولوس لينيوس (correct)
  • أنتون فان ليفنهوك
  • غريغور مندل
  • من هو العالم الذي اكتشف أن القلب يضخ الدم؟

    <p>ويلم هارفي</p> Signup and view all the answers

    من هو مؤسس علم الوراثة؟

    <p>غريغور مندل</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي الخاصية من خصائص الحياة التي تشير إلى زيادة في حجم الخلايا أو عددها؟

    <p>النمو</p> Signup and view all the answers

    أي من الخيارات التالية يمثل نوعًا من الحركة الداخلية في الكائنات الحية؟

    <p>التدفق السيتوبلازمي</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هو المصطلح الذي يشير إلى التوازن في الحالة الداخلية للخلية؟

    <p>التماثل</p> Signup and view all the answers

    من هو العالم الذي قام بتحسين تصميم الميكروسكوب واكتشف الخلية لأول مرة؟

    <p>روبرت هوك</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هو نوع التكاثر الذي يتضمن اندماج خلايا الجنس؟

    <p>التكاثر الجنسي</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Biology

    • Biology is the study of living organisms, encompassing their morphology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.
    • It originates from Greek words: "Bios" (life) and "Logos" (study).

    History of Biology

    • Aristotle (384-322 BCE): A famous Greek philosopher who pioneered zoology and classified living things. He divided plants into herbs, shrubs, and trees, and animals into land, water, and air dwellers.
    • Galen (AD 131-200): A Greek physician who described human anatomy through animal dissections (apes and pigs). He noted arteries carried blood, but his work contained inaccuracies, unchallenged for 1300 years.
    • Versalius (1514-1564): The "Father of Modern Anatomy," conducted the first human dissections to study anatomy.
    • William Harvey (1578-1657): An English physician who demonstrated the circulation of blood through the body, linking structure and function.
    • Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694): An Italian physician who was a microscopist. He discovered capillaries in 1661. He also discovered red blood cells.

    Cell Theory

    • Microscopes revolutionized the study of cells.
    • Robert Hooke (mid-1600s): Used a microscope to observe cork, remarking on the "cells" he saw, like compartments in a monastery.
    • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1694): Improved microscopy and observed microorganisms, sperm, and single-celled organisms.
    • Schwann and Schleiden: Key scientists who proposed fundamental cell theory principles that cells were the basic units of structure and function in living things.

    Cell Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

    • Prokaryotic cells: Lack membrane-bound organelles (like bacteria).
    • Eukaryotic cells: Contain membrane-bound organelles (like animal and plant cells).
    • Both types share common features, such as a plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes.

    Similarities and Differences

    • Similarities: Both cell types are surrounded by a plasma membrane, contain cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes.
    • Differences: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles while prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

    Cell Division

    • Eukaryotic cells reproduce via mitosis (for somatic cells) and meiosis (for gamete production).
    • Prokaryotic cells reproduce via binary fission, a simpler process.

    Additional Properties of Life

    • Adaptation: Adjusting to meet the environment's needs
    • Metabolism: Set of chemical reactions converting food into energy.
    • Specific organization: Different cell parts performing specific functions (e.g., heart, nucleus).
    • Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal state (e.g., water balance).
    • Responsiveness: Reacting to stimuli (e.g., light, temperature).

    Animal vs. Plant Cells

    • Similarities: Both have a nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, and Golgi apparatus.
    • Differences: Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts (for photosynthesis), and a large central vacuole, animal cells mostly don't.

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    علم الأحياء هو دراسة الكائنات الحية، يشمل شكلها، تشريحها، سلوكها وأصولها. يستعرض هذا الاختبار تاريخ علم الأحياء منذ العصر اليوناني وحتى العصور الحديثة.

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