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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What happens to water when it freezes?
What happens to water when it freezes?
Its density decreases.
What should the mixture shown in the picture be classified as?
What should the mixture shown in the picture be classified as?
suspension
Which contributes to the polarity of a water molecule?
Which contributes to the polarity of a water molecule?
deflection of hydrogen atoms by lone pairs of electrons
Which is true about the dissolving process in water?
Which is true about the dissolving process in water?
Which factor causes a decrease in the rate of dissolution?
Which factor causes a decrease in the rate of dissolution?
Which statements are true of heterogeneous mixtures? (Select all that apply)
Which statements are true of heterogeneous mixtures? (Select all that apply)
What type of mixture scatters light and cannot be filtered easily?
What type of mixture scatters light and cannot be filtered easily?
Which describes a property of water that allows plants to transfer it from their roots to their leaves?
Which describes a property of water that allows plants to transfer it from their roots to their leaves?
What is the name of a solution whose concentration of solute is equal to the maximum concentration that is predicted from the solute's solubility?
What is the name of a solution whose concentration of solute is equal to the maximum concentration that is predicted from the solute's solubility?
Which sample most likely had the lowest solubility?
Which sample most likely had the lowest solubility?
Which statement highlights a unique role of water in a biological system?
Which statement highlights a unique role of water in a biological system?
Which heterogeneous mixture contains large particles that can settle out or can be filtered?
Which heterogeneous mixture contains large particles that can settle out or can be filtered?
Which statement best describes the formation of a solution?
Which statement best describes the formation of a solution?
A solid is stirred into a liquid and dissolves. What type of mixture forms?
A solid is stirred into a liquid and dissolves. What type of mixture forms?
Which is true about dissolving a polar substance in water?
Which is true about dissolving a polar substance in water?
Which method would increase the solubility of a gas?
Which method would increase the solubility of a gas?
What is a cause of polarity in water molecules?
What is a cause of polarity in water molecules?
Water can resist a greater external force than ethanol can. Which statement best describes this difference?
Water can resist a greater external force than ethanol can. Which statement best describes this difference?
Which solution is a homogeneous mixture?
Which solution is a homogeneous mixture?
Which is the best example of water regulating an organism's body temperature?
Which is the best example of water regulating an organism's body temperature?
Which statement would be true about a water molecule if it had a linear shape?
Which statement would be true about a water molecule if it had a linear shape?
In which situation can a mixture always be called a solution?
In which situation can a mixture always be called a solution?
Which is a characteristic of a homogeneous mixture that is a liquid?
Which is a characteristic of a homogeneous mixture that is a liquid?
Which best explains why blood and the cytoplasm of cells are mainly composed of liquid water?
Which best explains why blood and the cytoplasm of cells are mainly composed of liquid water?
The concentration of a solute in a solution is greater than the maximum concentration that is predicted from the solute's solubility. What is the best way to describe this solution?
The concentration of a solute in a solution is greater than the maximum concentration that is predicted from the solute's solubility. What is the best way to describe this solution?
Which is an example of a nonaqueous solution?
Which is an example of a nonaqueous solution?
Which describes the polarity in a water molecule?
Which describes the polarity in a water molecule?
Which ingredient in a can of soda is the solvent?
Which ingredient in a can of soda is the solvent?
Which factor influences both solubility and the rate of dissolution?
Which factor influences both solubility and the rate of dissolution?
Which is most likely true about water in chemical systems?
Which is most likely true about water in chemical systems?
Brownian motion is not observed in a mixture that includes two phases. Which best identifies the mixture?
Brownian motion is not observed in a mixture that includes two phases. Which best identifies the mixture?
Which statement accurately describes part of the dissolving process of a polar solute in water?
Which statement accurately describes part of the dissolving process of a polar solute in water?
Which factors will cause a solid solute to dissolve faster?
Which factors will cause a solid solute to dissolve faster?
Which best explains why water has a much higher boiling point than would otherwise be predicted?
Which best explains why water has a much higher boiling point than would otherwise be predicted?
Which is the solvent in a solution containing 90 mL of methanol, 18 mL of propanol, and 2 mL of diethyl ether?
Which is the solvent in a solution containing 90 mL of methanol, 18 mL of propanol, and 2 mL of diethyl ether?
How many grams of NaCl will be needed to form 600 mL of a saturated solution at 100°C?
How many grams of NaCl will be needed to form 600 mL of a saturated solution at 100°C?
Water is called the 'universal solvent.' Which statement best explains this description with respect to ionic compounds?
Water is called the 'universal solvent.' Which statement best explains this description with respect to ionic compounds?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Mixtures and Solutions Overview
- Water expands and decreases in density when it freezes, making ice less dense than liquid water.
- Mixtures stirred for a brief period may form suspensions, which are heterogeneous and can settle over time.
Properties of Water
- The polarity of a water molecule is affected by the arrangement of hydrogen atoms and lone pairs of electrons on oxygen.
- Water molecules are attracted to solute ions at the surface during the dissolution process, facilitating the mixing of solutes and solvents.
Factors Influencing Dissolution
- Decreasing the surface area of the solute reduces the rate of dissolution.
- Increasing pressure enhances the solubility of gases, allowing more gas to be dissolved in liquids.
Mixture Classifications
- Heterogeneous mixtures, like suspensions and colloids, contain unevenly distributed components, with larger particles capable of settling or being filtered.
- Homogeneous mixtures, such as solutions, have uniform composition and cannot be separated by filtration.
Solution Dynamics
- A saturated solution contains the maximum concentration of solute possible at a given temperature.
- When a solute concentration exceeds its solubility, it is classified as supersaturated.
Biological Significance of Water
- Water's unique properties, such as adhesion, cohesion, and high surface tension, make it crucial for transporting nutrients and regulating organism temperature.
- Brownian motion, a sign of suspension stability, is absent in mixtures with distinct phases, indicating a lack of continuous particle movement.
Hydrogen Bonding and Polarity
- Hydrogen bonds in water contribute to its higher than expected boiling point, reflecting strong intermolecular interactions.
- Water’s structure results in a partial negative charge on oxygen and a positive charge on hydrogen, making it a polar molecule. A linear water molecule would be nonpolar instead.
Solubility and Temperature
- Temperature significantly influences both the solubility of substances and the rate at which solutes dissolve.
- Increased solute surface area can lead to faster dissolution rates.
Solute-Solvent Relationships
- In solutions, the solute is usually in smaller amounts compared to the solvent, which forms the medium of the solution.
- Water's ability to dissociate ionic compounds demonstrates its role as the "universal solvent" through ion-dipole interactions.
Experimental Observations
- The amount of NaCl required for a saturated solution at high temperature, such as 100°C, illustrates how temperature affects solubility, requiring significant amounts like 240 g for a specific volume.
- The examples highlight the composition of various solutions, where methanol serves as a solvent in mixtures containing other alcohols and ethers.
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