Mixture Separation Techniques in Chemistry

Mixture Separation Techniques

• Filtration: separating a mixture based on differences in particle size
• Decantation: separating a mixture based on differences in density
• Chromatography: separating a mixture based on differences in affinity for a stationary phase
• Distillation: separating a mixture based on differences in boiling points
• Centrifugation: separating a mixture based on differences in density and particle size
• Crystallization: separating a mixture based on differences in solubility and temperature

Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties: characteristics that can be observed without changing the composition of a substance, e.g. color, odor, melting point, boiling point
• Chemical Properties: characteristics that describe the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change, e.g. flammability, reactivity
• Intensive Properties: properties that do not depend on the amount of substance, e.g. density, specific heat capacity
• Extensive Properties: properties that depend on the amount of substance, e.g. mass, volume

Phase Changes

• Melting: the process of changing from a solid to a liquid
• Freezing: the process of changing from a liquid to a solid
• Vaporization: the process of changing from a liquid to a gas
• Condensation: the process of changing from a gas to a liquid
• Sublimation: the process of changing from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase
• Deposition: the process of changing from a gas to a solid without going through the liquid phase

Elements

• Definition: a substance that consists of only one type of atom
• Symbol: a one- or two-letter abbreviation that represents an element
• Atomic Number: the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which determines the element
• Atomic Mass: the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus

Compounds

• Definition: a substance that consists of two or more different elements
• Formula: a representation of the types and numbers of atoms in a compound
• Chemical Bond: the attractive force between atoms in a compound
• Molecular Formula: a representation of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule
• Structural Formula: a representation of the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Atoms

• Definition: the smallest unit of a element that still retains the properties of that element
• Protons: positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom
• Neutrons: particles with no charge in the nucleus of an atom
• Electrons: negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom
• Atomic Number: the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
• Mass Number: the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus

Acids

• Definition: a substance that donates a proton (H+ ion)
• pH: a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
• Strong Acids: completely dissociate in water, e.g. HCl, HNO3
• Weak Acids: partially dissociate in water, e.g. CH3COOH, HCO3

Alkali

• Definition: a substance that accepts a proton (OH- ion)
• pOH: a measure of the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution
• Strong Bases: completely dissociate in water, e.g. NaOH, KOH
• Weak Bases: partially dissociate in water, e.g. NH3, CH3NH2

Mixture Separation Techniques

• Filtration separates mixtures based on particle size differences.
• Decantation separates mixtures based on density differences.
• Chromatography separates mixtures based on affinity for a stationary phase.
• Distillation separates mixtures based on boiling point differences.
• Centrifugation separates mixtures based on density and particle size differences.
• Crystallization separates mixtures based on solubility and temperature differences.

Properties of Matter

• Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed without changing a substance's composition, such as color, odor, melting point, and boiling point.
• Chemical properties describe a substance's ability to undergo a specific chemical change, such as flammability and reactivity.
• Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of substance, including density and specific heat capacity.
• Extensive properties depend on the amount of substance, including mass and volume.

Phase Changes

• Melting is the process of changing from a solid to a liquid.
• Freezing is the process of changing from a liquid to a solid.
• Vaporization is the process of changing from a liquid to a gas.
• Condensation is the process of changing from a gas to a liquid.
• Sublimation is the process of changing from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase.
• Deposition is the process of changing from a gas to a solid without going through the liquid phase.

Elements

• An element is a substance consisting of only one type of atom.
• Each element is represented by a one- or two-letter symbol.
• The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which determines the element.
• The atomic mass is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Compounds

• A compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements.
• The formula represents the types and numbers of atoms in a compound.
• Chemical bonds are the attractive forces between atoms in a compound.
• The molecular formula represents the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule.
• The structural formula represents the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Atoms

• An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the element's properties.
• Protons are positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.
• Neutrons are particles with no charge in the nucleus of an atom.
• Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.
• The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
• The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Acids

• An acid is a substance that donates a proton (H+ ion).
• pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
• Strong acids completely dissociate in water, such as HCl and HNO3.
• Weak acids partially dissociate in water, such as CH3COOH and HCO3.

Alkali

• An alkali is a substance that accepts a proton (OH- ion).
• pOH measures the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution.
• Strong bases completely dissociate in water, such as NaOH and KOH.
• Weak bases partially dissociate in water, such as NH3 and CH3NH2.