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Questions and Answers
What is the principle behind the separation technique of centrifugation?
What is the principle behind the separation technique of centrifugation?
What type of property is the melting point of a substance?
What type of property is the melting point of a substance?
Which separation technique is based on differences in affinity for a stationary phase?
Which separation technique is based on differences in affinity for a stationary phase?
What type of property is the density of a substance?
What type of property is the density of a substance?
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Which separation technique is based on differences in boiling points?
Which separation technique is based on differences in boiling points?
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What is the process of changing from a solid to a liquid?
What is the process of changing from a solid to a liquid?
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What is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus that determines the element?
What is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus that determines the element?
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What is a substance that donates a proton (H+ ion)?
What is a substance that donates a proton (H+ ion)?
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What is the process of changing from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase?
What is the process of changing from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase?
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What is a representation of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule?
What is a representation of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule?
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Study Notes
Mixture Separation Techniques
- Filtration: separating a mixture based on differences in particle size
- Decantation: separating a mixture based on differences in density
- Chromatography: separating a mixture based on differences in affinity for a stationary phase
- Distillation: separating a mixture based on differences in boiling points
- Centrifugation: separating a mixture based on differences in density and particle size
- Crystallization: separating a mixture based on differences in solubility and temperature
Properties of Matter
- Physical Properties: characteristics that can be observed without changing the composition of a substance, e.g. color, odor, melting point, boiling point
- Chemical Properties: characteristics that describe the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change, e.g. flammability, reactivity
- Intensive Properties: properties that do not depend on the amount of substance, e.g. density, specific heat capacity
- Extensive Properties: properties that depend on the amount of substance, e.g. mass, volume
Phase Changes
- Melting: the process of changing from a solid to a liquid
- Freezing: the process of changing from a liquid to a solid
- Vaporization: the process of changing from a liquid to a gas
- Condensation: the process of changing from a gas to a liquid
- Sublimation: the process of changing from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase
- Deposition: the process of changing from a gas to a solid without going through the liquid phase
Elements
- Definition: a substance that consists of only one type of atom
- Symbol: a one- or two-letter abbreviation that represents an element
- Atomic Number: the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which determines the element
- Atomic Mass: the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
Compounds
- Definition: a substance that consists of two or more different elements
- Formula: a representation of the types and numbers of atoms in a compound
- Chemical Bond: the attractive force between atoms in a compound
- Molecular Formula: a representation of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule
- Structural Formula: a representation of the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
Atoms
- Definition: the smallest unit of a element that still retains the properties of that element
- Protons: positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom
- Neutrons: particles with no charge in the nucleus of an atom
- Electrons: negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom
- Atomic Number: the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
- Mass Number: the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
Acids
- Definition: a substance that donates a proton (H+ ion)
- pH: a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
- Strong Acids: completely dissociate in water, e.g. HCl, HNO3
- Weak Acids: partially dissociate in water, e.g. CH3COOH, HCO3
Alkali
- Definition: a substance that accepts a proton (OH- ion)
- pOH: a measure of the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution
- Strong Bases: completely dissociate in water, e.g. NaOH, KOH
- Weak Bases: partially dissociate in water, e.g. NH3, CH3NH2
Mixture Separation Techniques
- Filtration separates mixtures based on particle size differences.
- Decantation separates mixtures based on density differences.
- Chromatography separates mixtures based on affinity for a stationary phase.
- Distillation separates mixtures based on boiling point differences.
- Centrifugation separates mixtures based on density and particle size differences.
- Crystallization separates mixtures based on solubility and temperature differences.
Properties of Matter
- Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed without changing a substance's composition, such as color, odor, melting point, and boiling point.
- Chemical properties describe a substance's ability to undergo a specific chemical change, such as flammability and reactivity.
- Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of substance, including density and specific heat capacity.
- Extensive properties depend on the amount of substance, including mass and volume.
Phase Changes
- Melting is the process of changing from a solid to a liquid.
- Freezing is the process of changing from a liquid to a solid.
- Vaporization is the process of changing from a liquid to a gas.
- Condensation is the process of changing from a gas to a liquid.
- Sublimation is the process of changing from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase.
- Deposition is the process of changing from a gas to a solid without going through the liquid phase.
Elements
- An element is a substance consisting of only one type of atom.
- Each element is represented by a one- or two-letter symbol.
- The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which determines the element.
- The atomic mass is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Compounds
- A compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements.
- The formula represents the types and numbers of atoms in a compound.
- Chemical bonds are the attractive forces between atoms in a compound.
- The molecular formula represents the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule.
- The structural formula represents the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Atoms
- An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the element's properties.
- Protons are positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.
- Neutrons are particles with no charge in the nucleus of an atom.
- Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.
- The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
- The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Acids
- An acid is a substance that donates a proton (H+ ion).
- pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
- Strong acids completely dissociate in water, such as HCl and HNO3.
- Weak acids partially dissociate in water, such as CH3COOH and HCO3.
Alkali
- An alkali is a substance that accepts a proton (OH- ion).
- pOH measures the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution.
- Strong bases completely dissociate in water, such as NaOH and KOH.
- Weak bases partially dissociate in water, such as NH3 and CH3NH2.
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Description
This quiz covers different methods of separating mixtures, including filtration, decantation, chromatography, distillation, centrifugation, and crystallization. Test your understanding of these techniques and their applications.
