Life Sciences P2 June Exam (Easy)

What is the primary function of DNA?

Who proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

What is the structure of DNA often compared to?

Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

What is the critical timing for DNA replication within the cell cycle?

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

Which cellular organelles, in addition to the nucleus, contain DNA?

What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

Which structures are made of DNA and proteins called histones?

What is the essential role of chloroplast DNA in plants?

Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) located within the cell?

What is the main role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

During transcription, what happens after DNA unwinding?

Where does meiosis occur in animals?

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

During meiosis I, what happens in telophase I?

What is the main function of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

Which enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

What is the significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic variation?

Why is interpreting DNA profiles a cautious process?

What is the function of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

Which process results in the formation of genetically identical daughter cells?

What key event does not occur during mitosis but is crucial for genetic diversity in meiosis?

In which phase do homologous chromosomes pair up in meiosis I but not in mitosis?

Which concept involves different forms of a gene occurring at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

What concept refers to a genetic situation where the dominant allele completely masks the expression of the recessive allele in the heterozygous condition?

During Prophase II of meiosis, what happens to the chromosomes?

What is the significance of meiosis in maintaining chromosome number?

Which process during meiosis contributes most to genetic variation within a species?

What is non-disjunction in meiosis and what possible outcome can it lead to?

What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the number of daughter cells produced?

What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and complete dominance?

In co-dominance, what happens to the expression of alleles?

Which genetic concept involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

What is the main focus of monohybrid crosses in genetics?

What is the cornerstone principle in genetics that explains how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring?

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

Which organelle is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy in plants?

What is the main role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

What is the unique nitrogenous base found in RNA that replaces thymine in DNA?

What is the primary function of DNA?

Which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

What is the role of regulatory regions in DNA?

During which cell phase does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

What is the location of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the cell?

What structure forms the backbone of the RNA molecule?

What is the role of primase during DNA replication?

Why is the termination step important in DNA replication?

What is the main significance of DNA replication for genetic diversity?

In DNA fingerprinting, what does a match between bands in evidence and reference samples suggest?

What is the main function of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

What role does the template strand play during transcription in protein synthesis?

In which stage of protein synthesis does the ribosome reach a stop codon on the mRNA?

Where does meiosis occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

What is the function of tRNA molecules during translation in protein synthesis?

During meiosis I, what is the significance of homologous chromosomes aligning at the cell equator?

What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

During which stage of meiosis does genetic material exchange between homologous chromosomes occur?

What is the significance of non-disjunction during meiosis?

Which stage of meiosis involves the separation of sister chromatids toward opposite poles?

What is the primary benefit of crossing over during meiosis?

What is the key difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance?

What is the defining characteristic of co-dominance?

What is the role of Mendel's Principle of Segregation in genetics?

How do monohybrid crosses contribute to genetics?

What ensures genetic diversity in offspring according to Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic diversity?

What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

Which concept refers to having two different forms of a gene at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

In genetics, what does the Law of Dominance state?

What is the primary function of chromosomes during cell division?

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

Why is interpreting DNA profiles approached cautiously?

Which organelle besides the nucleus contains DNA in eukaryotic cells?

What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

What is the primary function of primase in DNA replication?

What are chromosomes made of in eukaryotic cells?

Why is proofreading by DNA polymerases important during DNA replication?

During DNA replication, where does the process primarily take place in eukaryotic cells?

What is the main function of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?

What is the significance of DNA replication occurring during the S phase of the cell cycle?

Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) located within the cell?

What is the main function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

What is the main role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

What is the location of messenger RNA (mRNA) formation?

What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

What is the main purpose of transcription in protein synthesis?

What happens during the termination stage of translation in protein synthesis?

During meiosis I, what is the significance of crossing over between chromatids?

Which stage of meiosis involves the reduction of the chromosome number by half?

What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation during protein synthesis?

Which process is responsible for the formation of four genetically different daughter cells?

What is the primary role of chromatin in the cell?

In genetics, what do recessive alleles exhibit when in the heterozygous condition?

Which concept involves the genetic makeup of an organism, determining its specific characteristics?

What is the role of non-disjunction during meiosis?

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosome pairs line up on the equator?

Which phase of meiosis involves the division of centromeres and pulling sister chromatids toward opposite poles?

What is the main difference between genetic variation introduced by crossing over and random assortment during meiosis?

What genetic condition results from non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21?

At which phase of meiosis do sister chromatids separate, resulting in individual chromosomes moving to opposite poles?

What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and complete dominance?

How does co-dominance differ from incomplete dominance?

Why is understanding monohybrid crosses essential in genetics?

What happens during the formation of gametes according to Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

In a typical genetics cross format using Punnett squares, what do letters represent?

What is the primary function of DNA?

What holds the two strands of DNA together in a double helix structure?

What is the initial step in the process of DNA replication?

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

What is the sequence of events involved in protein synthesis according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

In DNA profiling, what do variations in the pattern of lines (bands) between two samples indicate?

Where does DNA replication take place within a eukaryotic cell?

What is the significance of proofreading by DNA polymerases during replication?

Why is understanding DNA replication crucial for fields like genetics and molecular biology?

What is the primary location of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

Which organelle, in addition to the nucleus, contains DNA in eukaryotic cells?

What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

Where is chloroplast DNA primarily essential for function in plants?

What is the role of histones in relation to DNA in eukaryotic cells?

Where is transfer RNA (tRNA) found within the cell?

What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

What is the location of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the cell?

Which component makes up the structural framework of an RNA molecule?

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material at points called chiasmata?

What is the consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase I or II in meiosis?

Which stage of meiosis involves the division of centromeres and the separation of sister chromatids?

What is the primary role of meiosis in maintaining a constant chromosome number from one generation to the next?

What is the significance of the random assortment of chromosomes during metaphase in meiosis?

During transcription, which component pairs with uracil on the DNA template strand?

Where does mRNA exit the nucleus after formation?

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

In which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes align at the cell equator?

What is the significance of DNA replication during the cell cycle?

What is the main difference between the daughter cells produced in mitosis and meiosis?

What is the genetic makeup of an organism known as?

What is the primary function of chromosomes during cell division?

Which law states that when two homozygous organisms with contrasting traits are crossed, all individuals of the first generation will display the dominant trait?

What is the correct definition of alleles?

What type of dominance occurs when neither allele completely masks the other, resulting in an intermediate phenotype?

In a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX), what is the probability of having a male offspring?

Which principle states that an organism carries two alleles for a trait, with these alleles segregating during gamete formation?

Which genetic situation involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

When solving genetics problems, what typical format involves using letters to represent alleles and setting up Punnett squares?

What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

What technique did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins use to study DNA's molecular structure?

Which enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine in DNA?

What is the main significance of DNA replication for genetic diversity?

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

What is the primary role of helicases during DNA replication?

What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

What is the function of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

Which two scientists proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

What is the primary function of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

During which stage of protein synthesis are amino acids linked together by peptide bonds?

What is the role of tRNA molecules in translation during protein synthesis?

Which phase of meiosis involves the formation of bivalents and crossing over of genetic material?

What happens to the nuclear membrane during Telophase I of meiosis?

What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

What contributes significantly to genetic variation within a species during meiosis?

What error in meiosis leads to an abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes?

Which genetic condition can result from non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21?

Which stage of meiosis involves the reforming of nuclear envelopes around the chromosomes at each pole?

Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

What is the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

What is the function of tRNA during protein synthesis?

Which form of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?

Which process results in the formation of four daughter cells that are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell?

In which process do homologous chromosomes pair up during the first division?

What concept refers to genetic forms of a gene occurring at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

Which term describes the physical appearance of an organism based on its genetic makeup?

What is the function of chromosomes during cell division?

Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

What is the main role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

Which organelle, besides the nucleus, contains DNA in eukaryotic cells?

What is the main function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

In eukaryotic cells, where does DNA and proteins called histones come together to form chromosomes?

What is the main difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance in terms of the phenotype?

Which genetic concept involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

In the context of genetics, what does the Principle of Segregation propose?

How do monohybrid crosses differ from dihybrid crosses?

What is the key distinction between codominance and incomplete dominance?

What is the probability of a couple having a baby girl, given they already have three sons?

Why are X-linked traits and disorders like haemophilia more commonly expressed in males?

Which sex chromosome carries more genes and is commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders?

What is the genetic makeup of a female in terms of sex chromosomes?

In humans, what causes haemophilia, a sex-linked disorder?

What is the phenotypic ratio for males to females when considering sex determination in humans?

Which term refers to genetic disorders caused by genes located on the sex chromosomes?

What type of mutations involve changes to non-coding DNA and do not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

Which gene mutations occur on the X-chromosome and cause conditions like haemophilia and colour-blindness?

What is a characteristic of sickle cell anaemia in terms of the genetic mutation?

What type of mutation is beneficial if it enhances an organism's survival chances?

Which process involves altering the genetic makeup of an organism to enhance specific traits?

Where do stem cells originate from in sources like embryonic stem cells, bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood?

What is the primary application of stem cells in medical treatments?

Why are adult stem cells from sources like bone marrow less controversial than embryonic stem cells?

Why do males with the Xh allele manifest haemophilia?

Why can females be carriers of a disorder without showing symptoms?

Why is color-blindness particularly red-green color blindness considered a sex-linked disorder?

Which genotype represents blood type B in humans?

Why is blood type AB considered the result of co-dominance?

How does DNA profiling compare to blood groups in paternity testing?

What is the significance of the Law of Independent Assortment in dihybrid crosses?

Why are plant height and flower color considered independently inherited in dihybrid crosses?

What is the main purpose of genetic engineering in the creation of GMOs?

Which technique involves inserting the nucleus from a donor's body cell into an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed?

Why does comparing blood groups of the mother, possible father, and child provide initial indications of paternity?

What is a significant benefit of paternity testing using DNA profiling compared to blood grouping?

How do genetically engineered seeds controlled by certain companies impact accessibility?

What ethical consideration arises from genetic engineering across different species?

In paternity testing, why is DNA profiling considered more reliable evidence than blood grouping?

What role does cloning play in preserving endangered species?

What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square when studying genetic inheritance?

In a pedigree diagram, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

How can you determine if a trait is likely to be dominant or recessive by analyzing a pedigree diagram?

What is the significance of using special symbols or shading patterns in sex-linked traits in pedigree diagrams?

What do you deduce about an individual's genotype if they express a recessive trait in a pedigree diagram?

In genetic lineage/pedigree diagrams, what does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent?

How can you determine the genotypes of parents based on their offspring's phenotypes in pedigree analysis?

What is the primary use of a Punnett square in genetics?

What type of mutations involve changes to non-coding DNA and do not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

Why are stem cells pivotal in medical treatments?

Which gene mutation examples involve sex-linked gene mutations on the X-chromosome?

What is the main focus of genetic engineering?

What is the defining characteristic of harmful mutations?

What is an example of a useful mutation?

What is the cause of Albinism?

What distinguishes harmful mutations from useful mutations?

What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

How can one distinguish between males and females in pedigree diagrams?

What does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in a pedigree diagram?

How can one determine whether a trait in a pedigree diagram is likely dominant or recessive?

What does shaded symbols typically represent in pedigree diagrams?

What is the genetic composition of a female carrier of color-blindness?

Why do females with XhXh genotype manifest haemophilia?

In pedigree diagrams, what do special symbols or shading patterns help differentiate?

What is the significance of analyzing pedigree diagrams in genetics?

Which blood type results from the expression of both IA and IB alleles?

In regards to blood grouping, what blood type would a person with ii genotype have?

Why is the arrangement of possible gametes along the top and side of a Punnett square important?

What determines the sex of offspring when a male (XY) and a female (XX) have a genetic cross?

Why does a male with genotype XbY have a higher chance of being color-blind?

Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

What is the explanation for females being carriers of haemophilia without displaying symptoms?

Why are blood types considered to demonstrate both co-dominance and complete dominance?

What genetic disorder is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly?

'What characteristic controls blood grouping?'

In sex-linked inheritance, where do most genetic disorders primarily originate from?

What is the phenotypic ratio for males to females in a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX)?

Why are X-linked traits passed on more commonly from mothers to sons?

What is the main reason that haemophilia is more commonly expressed in males?

What is the probability for a couple with three sons to have a baby girl, based on Mendelian genetics?

What technique is used in the creation of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?

Which process involves the creation of a genetically identical copy of an organism?

What is a potential application of cloning mentioned in the text?

What ethical concerns are associated with genetic engineering as discussed in the text?

How does DNA profiling differ from blood grouping in paternity testing?

What is the significance of comparing blood groups in paternity testing?

Where does paternity testing involve comparing the blood groups and DNA profiles?

In paternity testing, what aspect of DNA is examined to determine paternity conclusively?

What is the probability of a couple having a baby girl after having three sons, according to Mendelian genetics?

Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

What genetic disorder is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly due to a deficiency in a clotting factor?

Which sex chromosomes do females possess?

What leads to an equal phenotypic ratio of 1:1 for males and females in human offspring?

What genetic cross results in an equal probability of having a male or female offspring in humans?

Which chromosome carries more genes and is commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders?

What is the result of the genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX)?

What type of mutation often involves changes to non-coding DNA and does not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

Which gene mutation leads to the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules in individuals with sickle cell anaemia?

What is the primary focus of genetic engineering as discussed in the text?

When interpreting a pedigree, why is it crucial to understand the context of the trait such as whether it is autosomal or sex-linked?

In genetic terms, what does Down syndrome result from?

Which of the following traits would be considered a useful mutation if it enhances an organism's survival chances?

What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

What is the classification of mutations that lead to changes in an organism's physical appearance or functioning due to incorrect or defective proteins?

In a genetic cross involving hamsters with coat color and texture traits, what would be the genotype of a black hamster with a rough coat?

Why is it significant to consider all possible genotypes when interpreting a pedigree based on the text?

In pedigree diagrams, what does a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle represent?

How can one differentiate between dominant and recessive traits using pedigree diagrams?

What can be inferred about a trait if it skips generations in a pedigree diagram?

In a Punnett square analysis, what do the 16 squares represent?

What is the significance of shaded symbols in pedigree diagrams?

How does understanding pedigree diagrams help genetic analysis?

Why do females with the genotype XHXh not manifest haemophilia?

What is the genetic composition of a normal female carrier of color-blindness?

Why can a male who inherits the Xb allele have a higher chance of being color-blind?

What defines the blood type AB according to the provided text?

Which blood type is expressed when an individual has the genotype ii?

In blood grouping, why does an individual express the O blood type?

What does it mean when it is stated that IA and IB alleles are co-dominant?

Why are blood groups not considered conclusive evidence in paternity testing?

What is the primary difference between genetic engineering and cloning?

How is DNA profiling different from blood grouping in paternity testing?

What are some ethical concerns associated with genetic engineering?

What is a potential benefit of cloning for preserving species?

How is paternity determined based on blood groups in paternity testing?

In what way does genetic engineering contribute to medical advancements?

What is one of the concerns regarding genetic engineering's long-term impacts?

Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable than blood grouping in establishing paternity?

Why can females be carriers of haemophilia without manifesting the disorder?

What is the genotype of a male individual who has normal vision but carries the allele for color-blindness?

Which blood type results from inheriting both alleles IA and IB?

In a dihybrid cross, what does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment state?

What does the O blood type indicate in terms of an individual's genotype?

Why does a female with the genotype XBXb not manifest color-blindness?

What is the genetic makeup of a male in terms of sex chromosomes?

In a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX), what is the probability of having a male offspring?

Which sex chromosome carries more genes in humans?

What is the genetic makeup of a female in terms of sex chromosomes?

What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

Which genetic disorder is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly?

What does sex-linked inheritance refer to?

Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

What type of mutations involve changes to non-coding DNA that do not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

Which gene mutations are sex-linked and found on the X-chromosome?

In genetic engineering, what is the primary focus of modifying the genetic makeup of an organism?

Which type of mutation may lead to genetic disorders like haemophilia and sickle cell anemia?

What is the effect of a gene mutation causing the production of faulty hemoglobin molecules?

During DNA replication, what can result in gene mutations?

What type of mutation leads to advantageous genetic variation and contributes to natural selection?

What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

How are males and females represented in pedigree diagrams?

In a pedigree diagram, what does a horizontal line connecting two symbols represent?

What is the significance of analyzing pedigree diagrams to determine traits?

How can one deduce whether a trait in a pedigree diagram is dominant or recessive?

What does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in a pedigree diagram?

Why might understanding pedigree diagrams be particularly useful for analyzing certain genetic conditions?

Why might males be more frequently affected by sex-linked recessive traits according to pedigree analysis?

What is the key difference between paternity testing using blood groups and DNA profiling?

What is one of the ethical concerns associated with genetic engineering?

How does cloning contribute to improving food supply and preserving endangered species?

Why is DNA profiling considered more conclusive than blood grouping in paternity testing?

What is one of the potential drawbacks of genetic engineering highlighted in the text?

How does genetic engineering play a role in producing cheaper and more effective pharmaceuticals?

What makes DNA profiling a more reliable method for paternity testing than blood grouping?

What is a significant concern raised regarding the control of genetically engineered seeds by certain companies?

What is the genetic makeup of a male in terms of sex chromosomes?

Which sex is more commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders due to the number of genes carried on its chromosomes?

What is the probability of forming an XY offspring when a male (XY) and a female (XX) have a genetic cross?

What is the chance of a couple having a baby girl after already having three sons, based on Mendelian genetics?

Which chromosome carries the gene responsible for haemophilia, a sex-linked disorder?

Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

What condition is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly due to a deficiency in a clotting factor?

Why can females be carriers of X-linked disorders without showing symptoms?

Which statement accurately describes how color-blindness is inherited in males?

In terms of blood grouping, why is the O blood type only expressed when an individual has a specific genotype?

What does it mean when alleles IA and IB are referred to as co-dominant in blood typing?

How does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment apply to dihybrid crosses?

What is the significance of the concept of multiple alleles in blood grouping?

Why do males have a higher chance of expressing color-blindness compared to females?

What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

Which of the following best describes the role of pedigree diagrams in genetics?

How do pedigree diagrams help determine if a trait is likely dominant or recessive?

For a practical example involving hamsters, what does a shaded symbol in a pedigree diagram typically represent?

In genetics, what is the significance of males being more frequently affected in a sex-linked recessive trait like color-blindness?

How does understanding pedigree diagrams aid in determining the genotypes of parents based on their offspring's phenotypes?

What convention helps quickly identify the sex of individuals in genetic lineages?

When analyzing traits within a pedigree diagram, what do shaded symbols typically indicate?

What type of mutation involves changes to non-coding DNA and does not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

Which mutation type leads to changes in an organism's physical appearance or functioning due to incorrect or defective proteins?

What is the outcome of useful mutations if the genes are passed on?

Which chromosome aberration occurs during Anaphase I and alters the chromosome number in gametes?

What genetic engineering subset focuses on modifying the genetic makeup of an organism to introduce specific traits?

Where can stem cells be derived from, including embryonic stem cells and bone marrow?

What is the unique ability of stem cells that makes them pivotal in medical treatments?

Which genetic disorder results from a gene mutation causing the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules?

What is the purpose of genetic engineering in creating GMOs?

In paternity testing, what method can provide initial indications of paternity based on blood groups?

What is a key benefit of cloning in terms of animal breeding?

Why is DNA profiling considered a more reliable method for paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

What is a major ethical concern associated with genetic engineering?