Life Sciences P2 June Exam (Easy)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

  • To provide energy for cells
  • To regulate gene expression
  • To produce ATP molecules
  • To store and transmit genetic information (correct)

    • Who proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

  • Maurice Wilkins
  • James Watson (correct)
  • Rosalind Franklin
  • Francis Crick

    • What is the structure of DNA often compared to?

  • A square
  • A circle
  • A twisted ladder (correct)
  • A straight line

    • Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical timing for DNA replication within the cell cycle?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelles, in addition to the nucleus, contain DNA?

    <p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Produces energy for the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are made of DNA and proteins called histones?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential role of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Enables photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) located within the cell?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying genetic code for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, what happens after DNA unwinding?

    <p>Template strand acts as a template for mRNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis occur in animals?

    <p>Sex organs during gametogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA during translation?

    <p>Carry specific amino acids and have anticodons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis I, what happens in telophase I?

    <p>Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Reduces the chromosome number by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>Facilitate unwinding of the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic variation?

    <p>It contributes to genetic diversity within populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is interpreting DNA profiles a cautious process?

    <p>Human errors, differences in lab methods, and potential non-unique DNA regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

    <p>Add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results in the formation of genetically identical daughter cells?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key event does not occur during mitosis but is crucial for genetic diversity in meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase do homologous chromosomes pair up in meiosis I but not in mitosis?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept involves different forms of a gene occurring at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept refers to a genetic situation where the dominant allele completely masks the expression of the recessive allele in the heterozygous condition?

    <p>Complete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Prophase II of meiosis, what happens to the chromosomes?

    <p>Chiasmata formation occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of meiosis in maintaining chromosome number?

    <p>It reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process during meiosis contributes most to genetic variation within a species?

    <p>Crossing over in Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is non-disjunction in meiosis and what possible outcome can it lead to?

    <p>It results in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes, potentially causing genetic conditions like Down Syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the number of daughter cells produced?

    <p>Mitosis produces two daughter cells, while meiosis results in four daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and complete dominance?

    <p>Incomplete dominance involves alleles being equally expressed, while complete dominance masks one allele over the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In co-dominance, what happens to the expression of alleles?

    <p>Both alleles are fully expressed without blending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of monohybrid crosses in genetics?

    <p>Inheritance of single traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cornerstone principle in genetics that explains how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring?

    <p>Mendel's Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Producing energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Providing instructions for protein assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique nitrogenous base found in RNA that replaces thymine in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of regulatory regions in DNA?

    <p>Controlling gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which cell phase does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitating transportation of amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the cell?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms the backbone of the RNA molecule?

    <p>Sugar-phosphate backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase during DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a long RNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the termination step important in DNA replication?

    <p>To join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main significance of DNA replication for genetic diversity?

    <p>Leading to mutations that cause genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA fingerprinting, what does a match between bands in evidence and reference samples suggest?

    <p>The samples are from the same source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the template strand play during transcription in protein synthesis?

    <p>It serves as a template for mRNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of protein synthesis does the ribosome reach a stop codon on the mRNA?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

    <p>Anthers and ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA molecules during translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying specific amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis I, what is the significance of homologous chromosomes aligning at the cell equator?

    <p>Ensures genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Mitosis maintains the diploid chromosome number, while meiosis reduces it to haploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does genetic material exchange between homologous chromosomes occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>It can result in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves the separation of sister chromatids toward opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>To allow for genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance?

    <p>In complete dominance, one allele masks the presence of another, while in incomplete dominance, neither allele is completely dominant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of co-dominance?

    <p>Both alleles are equally expressed without blending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Mendel's Principle of Segregation in genetics?

    <p>Separating alleles during gamete formation to ensure each gamete carries only one allele for each trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do monohybrid crosses contribute to genetics?

    <p>By focusing on the inheritance of single traits and predicting offspring genotypes and phenotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures genetic diversity in offspring according to Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

    <p>The formation of gametes with only one allele for each trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic diversity?

    <p>Mitosis results in genetically identical daughter cells while meiosis leads to genetically different daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic variability among produced gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to having two different forms of a gene at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what does the Law of Dominance state?

    <p>Individuals heterozygous for a characteristic exhibit the dominant trait in their phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chromosomes during cell division?

    <p>To carry genetic information and ensure proper distribution to daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>Unwinding the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Producing energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is interpreting DNA profiles approached cautiously?

    <p>Due to differences in DNA replication between laboratories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle besides the nucleus contains DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Enabling photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing RNA primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromosomes made of in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Histones and DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is proofreading by DNA polymerases important during DNA replication?

    <p>To ensure fidelity and minimize errors in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, where does the process primarily take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

    <p>Adding new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication occurring during the S phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>It ensures each new cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) located within the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carries the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transports amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of messenger RNA (mRNA) formation?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitates the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of transcription in protein synthesis?

    <p>Production of functional proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the termination stage of translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>mRNA detaches from the DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis I, what is the significance of crossing over between chromatids?

    <p>Increases genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves the reduction of the chromosome number by half?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transports amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for the formation of four genetically different daughter cells?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chromatin in the cell?

    <p>Forming chromosomes during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what do recessive alleles exhibit when in the heterozygous condition?

    <p>They are masked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept involves the genetic makeup of an organism, determining its specific characteristics?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosome pairs line up on the equator?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves the division of centromeres and pulling sister chromatids toward opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between genetic variation introduced by crossing over and random assortment during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over involves homologous chromosome exchange, while random assortment involves alignment at the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic condition results from non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which phase of meiosis do sister chromatids separate, resulting in individual chromosomes moving to opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and complete dominance?

    <p>Incomplete dominance involves the blending of traits, while complete dominance only shows one trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does co-dominance differ from incomplete dominance?

    <p>Co-dominance involves both alleles being equally expressed, while incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding monohybrid crosses essential in genetics?

    <p>To track the inheritance of alleles for a single gene from parents to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the formation of gametes according to Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

    <p>Alleles segregate and each gamete carries only one allele for each trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a typical genetics cross format using Punnett squares, what do letters represent?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information in living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the two strands of DNA together in a double helix structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in the process of DNA replication?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of events involved in protein synthesis according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>Transcribing DNA into mRNA and then translating mRNA into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA profiling, what do variations in the pattern of lines (bands) between two samples indicate?

    <p>Distinct DNA profiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place within a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proofreading by DNA polymerases during replication?

    <p>Ensuring fidelity of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding DNA replication crucial for fields like genetics and molecular biology?

    <p>To develop genetic therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle, in addition to the nucleus, contains DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is chloroplast DNA primarily essential for function in plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histones in relation to DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Chromosome organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is transfer RNA (tRNA) found within the cell?

    <p>Freely in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Interpreting genetic code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the cell?

    <p>Within ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component makes up the structural framework of an RNA molecule?

    <p>Ribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material at points called chiasmata?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase I or II in meiosis?

    <p>Gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves the division of centromeres and the separation of sister chromatids?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of meiosis in maintaining a constant chromosome number from one generation to the next?

    <p>Halving the number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the random assortment of chromosomes during metaphase in meiosis?

    <p>Introduction of genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, which component pairs with uracil on the DNA template strand?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does mRNA exit the nucleus after formation?

    <p>Nuclear pore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA during translation?

    <p>Supplying mRNA to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes align at the cell equator?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication during the cell cycle?

    <p>Maintaining the genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the daughter cells produced in mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells in mitosis are genetically identical, while in meiosis they are genetically different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of an organism known as?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chromosomes during cell division?

    <p>To carry genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law states that when two homozygous organisms with contrasting traits are crossed, all individuals of the first generation will display the dominant trait?

    <p>Law of Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct definition of alleles?

    <p>Variants of a gene occurring at the same locus on homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dominance occurs when neither allele completely masks the other, resulting in an intermediate phenotype?

    <p>Co-Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX), what is the probability of having a male offspring?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that an organism carries two alleles for a trait, with these alleles segregating during gamete formation?

    <p>Mendel's Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic situation involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When solving genetics problems, what typical format involves using letters to represent alleles and setting up Punnett squares?

    <p>Monohybrid Crosses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins use to study DNA's molecular structure?

    <p>X-ray diffraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

    <p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine in DNA?

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main significance of DNA replication for genetic diversity?

    <p>Contributes to evolution through genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of helicases during DNA replication?

    <p>Break hydrogen bonds between complementary bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Genetic information storage and transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

    <p>Add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two scientists proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

    <p>James Watson and Francis Crick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Halving the number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of protein synthesis are amino acids linked together by peptide bonds?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA molecules in translation during protein synthesis?

    <p>Attaching amino acids to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves the formation of bivalents and crossing over of genetic material?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the nuclear membrane during Telophase I of meiosis?

    <p>It reforms around each set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>The chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes significantly to genetic variation within a species during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over during Prophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What error in meiosis leads to an abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes?

    <p>Non-disjunction during Anaphase I or II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic condition can result from non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves the reforming of nuclear envelopes around the chromosomes at each pole?

    <p>Telophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

    <p>RNA is typically single-stranded, DNA forms a double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Serving as the template for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results in the formation of four daughter cells that are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which process do homologous chromosomes pair up during the first division?

    <p>Metaphase in meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept refers to genetic forms of a gene occurring at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the physical appearance of an organism based on its genetic makeup?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chromosomes during cell division?

    <p>Contain genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle, besides the nucleus, contains DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, where does DNA and proteins called histones come together to form chromosomes?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance in terms of the phenotype?

    <p>Complete dominance masks the presence of one allele in the phenotype, while incomplete dominance creates an intermediate phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetics, what does the Principle of Segregation propose?

    <p>Alleles segregate independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do monohybrid crosses differ from dihybrid crosses?

    <p>Monohybrid crosses focus on one trait; dihybrid crosses focus on two traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key distinction between codominance and incomplete dominance?

    <p>Codominance results in both traits blending together, while incomplete dominance exhibits fully expressed alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a couple having a baby girl, given they already have three sons?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders like haemophilia more commonly expressed in males?

    <p>Males have only one copy of the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex chromosome carries more genes and is commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a female in terms of sex chromosomes?

    <p>XX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, what causes haemophilia, a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>Recessive allele on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio for males to females when considering sex determination in humans?

    <p>1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to genetic disorders caused by genes located on the sex chromosomes?

    <p>Sex-linked inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutations involve changes to non-coding DNA and do not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

    <p>Harmless Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutations occur on the X-chromosome and cause conditions like haemophilia and colour-blindness?

    <p>Sex-linked Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sickle cell anaemia in terms of the genetic mutation?

    <p>Recessive Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation is beneficial if it enhances an organism's survival chances?

    <p>Useful Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves altering the genetic makeup of an organism to enhance specific traits?

    <p>Genetic Engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do stem cells originate from in sources like embryonic stem cells, bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood?

    <p>Various Sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of stem cells in medical treatments?

    <p>Repairing Heart Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are adult stem cells from sources like bone marrow less controversial than embryonic stem cells?

    <p>They Raise Fewer Ethical Concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males with the Xh allele manifest haemophilia?

    <p>They lack a second X chromosome to provide a protective dominant allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can females be carriers of a disorder without showing symptoms?

    <p>They possess a second X chromosome with a normal allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is color-blindness particularly red-green color blindness considered a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>It is caused by a recessive allele located on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotype represents blood type B in humans?

    <p>IBIB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is blood type AB considered the result of co-dominance?

    <p>It is caused by the presence of two dominant alleles IA and IB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA profiling compare to blood groups in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling compares DNA sequences, unlike blood groups that look at blood types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Law of Independent Assortment in dihybrid crosses?

    <p>It describes how alleles of different genes separate independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are plant height and flower color considered independently inherited in dihybrid crosses?

    <p>Because genes for plant height and flower color are located on different chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of genetic engineering in the creation of GMOs?

    <p>To express desired traits in organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves inserting the nucleus from a donor's body cell into an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does comparing blood groups of the mother, possible father, and child provide initial indications of paternity?

    <p>To establish a direct biological link between them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of paternity testing using DNA profiling compared to blood grouping?

    <p>Establishing a more conclusive link between father and child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do genetically engineered seeds controlled by certain companies impact accessibility?

    <p>They raise questions about accessibility and rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical consideration arises from genetic engineering across different species?

    <p>The modification of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, why is DNA profiling considered more reliable evidence than blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiles provide clearer indications of paternity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cloning play in preserving endangered species?

    <p>It aids in maintaining genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square when studying genetic inheritance?

    <p>To visualize the possible combinations of alleles in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you determine if a trait is likely to be dominant or recessive by analyzing a pedigree diagram?

    <p>By observing if the trait appears in every generation (dominant) or skips generations (recessive)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using special symbols or shading patterns in sex-linked traits in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To distinguish between affected males and females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you deduce about an individual's genotype if they express a recessive trait in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>They are homozygous recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic lineage/pedigree diagrams, what does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent?

    <p>Mating between two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you determine the genotypes of parents based on their offspring's phenotypes in pedigree analysis?

    <p>By comparing the offspring's phenotype to known genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>To visualize potential combinations of alleles in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutations involve changes to non-coding DNA and do not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

    <p>Neutral mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are stem cells pivotal in medical treatments?

    <p>They can replace damaged cells in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutation examples involve sex-linked gene mutations on the X-chromosome?

    <p>Haemophilia and Colour-blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of genetic engineering?

    <p>Modifying an organism's genetic makeup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of harmful mutations?

    <p>Producing defective proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a useful mutation?

    <p>Enhancing organism's survival chances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Albinism?

    <p>Recessive gene mutation preventing normal melanin development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes harmful mutations from useful mutations?

    <p>Their impact on cell structure and functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>To visually represent the possible combinations of alleles from parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one distinguish between males and females in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>By using squares to represent females and circles for males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>Mating between two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine whether a trait in a pedigree diagram is likely dominant or recessive?

    <p>Based on how the trait appears in the lineage over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does shaded symbols typically represent in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic composition of a female carrier of color-blindness?

    <p>XBXB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do females with XhXh genotype manifest haemophilia?

    <p>Because they inherit two recessive Xh alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pedigree diagrams, what do special symbols or shading patterns help differentiate?

    <p>Between affected males and females in sex-linked traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of analyzing pedigree diagrams in genetics?

    <p>To trace the inheritance of characteristics over multiple generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type results from the expression of both IA and IB alleles?

    <p>AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In regards to blood grouping, what blood type would a person with ii genotype have?

    <p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the arrangement of possible gametes along the top and side of a Punnett square important?

    <p>To facilitate combining parental genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the sex of offspring when a male (XY) and a female (XX) have a genetic cross?

    <p>The genetic makeup of the male providing an X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a male with genotype XbY have a higher chance of being color-blind?

    <p>Inheriting the recessive Xb allele on the Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have one copy of the Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the explanation for females being carriers of haemophilia without displaying symptoms?

    <p>Possessing two X chromosomes with a normal allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are blood types considered to demonstrate both co-dominance and complete dominance?

    <p>Due to the presence of multiple alleles controlling a single trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic disorder is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly?

    <p>Haemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What characteristic controls blood grouping?'

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sex-linked inheritance, where do most genetic disorders primarily originate from?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio for males to females in a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX)?

    <p>1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits passed on more commonly from mothers to sons?

    <p>Mothers can carry and transmit X-linked traits to sons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason that haemophilia is more commonly expressed in males?

    <p>Males have only one copy of the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability for a couple with three sons to have a baby girl, based on Mendelian genetics?

    <p>$\frac{1}{2}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used in the creation of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?

    <p>CRISPR technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the creation of a genetically identical copy of an organism?

    <p>Cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of cloning mentioned in the text?

    <p>Therapeutic cloning for tissue repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical concerns are associated with genetic engineering as discussed in the text?

    <p>Commercial control over seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA profiling differ from blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling involves analyzing nucleotide sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of comparing blood groups in paternity testing?

    <p>Blood groups provide initial indications of paternity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does paternity testing involve comparing the blood groups and DNA profiles?

    <p>Mother, possible father, and child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, what aspect of DNA is examined to determine paternity conclusively?

    <p>Frequency of alleles inherited by the child from both parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a couple having a baby girl after having three sons, according to Mendelian genetics?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Females have more genes on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic disorder is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly due to a deficiency in a clotting factor?

    <p>Haemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex chromosomes do females possess?

    <p>XX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to an equal phenotypic ratio of 1:1 for males and females in human offspring?

    <p>Combination of XX during fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic cross results in an equal probability of having a male or female offspring in humans?

    <p>(XX) x (XY)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome carries more genes and is commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX)?

    <p>(XX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation often involves changes to non-coding DNA and does not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

    <p>Harmless Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutation leads to the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules in individuals with sickle cell anaemia?

    <p>Sickle Cell Anaemia gene mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of genetic engineering as discussed in the text?

    <p>Modifying organism's genetic makeup for specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When interpreting a pedigree, why is it crucial to understand the context of the trait such as whether it is autosomal or sex-linked?

    <p>To determine the genotype of the carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic terms, what does Down syndrome result from?

    <p>An extra chromosome 21 in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits would be considered a useful mutation if it enhances an organism's survival chances?

    <p>Freckles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>To determine the possible genotypes of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of mutations that lead to changes in an organism's physical appearance or functioning due to incorrect or defective proteins?

    <p>Harmful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross involving hamsters with coat color and texture traits, what would be the genotype of a black hamster with a rough coat?

    <p>BBRR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it significant to consider all possible genotypes when interpreting a pedigree based on the text?

    <p>'Harmless Mutations' involve non-coding DNA changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pedigree diagrams, what does a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle represent?

    <p>Mating between two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one differentiate between dominant and recessive traits using pedigree diagrams?

    <p>By analyzing the shading of symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about a trait if it skips generations in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>It is likely to be recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Punnett square analysis, what do the 16 squares represent?

    <p>Offspring genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of shaded symbols in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>They signify individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does understanding pedigree diagrams help genetic analysis?

    <p>By tracing the inheritance of traits over multiple generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do females with the genotype XHXh not manifest haemophilia?

    <p>They have two X chromosomes with a normal allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic composition of a normal female carrier of color-blindness?

    <p>XBXb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can a male who inherits the Xb allele have a higher chance of being color-blind?

    <p>The Xb allele is recessive in males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the blood type AB according to the provided text?

    <p>Presence of both IA and IB alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is expressed when an individual has the genotype ii?

    <p>Blood type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood grouping, why does an individual express the O blood type?

    <p>They have double recessive ii alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when it is stated that IA and IB alleles are co-dominant?

    <p>IA and IB are equally expressed in phenotype when both are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are blood groups not considered conclusive evidence in paternity testing?

    <p>Many individuals share common blood types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between genetic engineering and cloning?

    <p>Genetic engineering involves altering an organism's genetic material, while cloning creates genetically identical copies of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is DNA profiling different from blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling provides a more concrete indication of paternity, while blood grouping offers initial indications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some ethical concerns associated with genetic engineering?

    <p>There are ethical issues related to embryonic stem cell research and genetic material modification across species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of cloning for preserving species?

    <p>Cloning can be used to preserve endangered species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is paternity determined based on blood groups in paternity testing?

    <p>If the child's blood group could not be produced by the mother and the potential father, then he is not the father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does genetic engineering contribute to medical advancements?

    <p>Genetic engineering facilitates gene therapy for diseases like brain tumors and cystic fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the concerns regarding genetic engineering's long-term impacts?

    <p>Long-term impacts include concerns about the regulation of genetically engineered seeds by specific companies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable than blood grouping in establishing paternity?

    <p>DNA profiling compares DNA fragments inherited from each parent more accurately than blood groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can females be carriers of haemophilia without manifesting the disorder?

    <p>They possess two X chromosomes with a normal allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of a male individual who has normal vision but carries the allele for color-blindness?

    <p>XbY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type results from inheriting both alleles IA and IB?

    <p>Blood type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross, what does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment state?

    <p>Genes on the same chromosome segregate independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the O blood type indicate in terms of an individual's genotype?

    <p>They carry two ii alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a female with the genotype XBXb not manifest color-blindness?

    <p>She inherited both X chromosomes with normal alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a male in terms of sex chromosomes?

    <p>XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX), what is the probability of having a male offspring?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex chromosome carries more genes in humans?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a female in terms of sex chromosomes?

    <p>XX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Production of cells with abnormal chromosome numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly?

    <p>Haemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sex-linked inheritance refer to?

    <p>Genetic disorders linked to sex chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have one X and one Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutations involve changes to non-coding DNA that do not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

    <p>Useful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutations are sex-linked and found on the X-chromosome?

    <p>Color-Blindness and Sickle Cell Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic engineering, what is the primary focus of modifying the genetic makeup of an organism?

    <p>Introducing Specific Traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation may lead to genetic disorders like haemophilia and sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Harmful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a gene mutation causing the production of faulty hemoglobin molecules?

    <p>Sickle Cell Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what can result in gene mutations?

    <p>Omission of a Nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation leads to advantageous genetic variation and contributes to natural selection?

    <p>Useful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>To predict the potential genotypes of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are males and females represented in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Males are represented by squares and females by circles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what does a horizontal line connecting two symbols represent?

    <p>Mating between individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of analyzing pedigree diagrams to determine traits?

    <p>To trace the inheritance of characteristics over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one deduce whether a trait in a pedigree diagram is dominant or recessive?

    <p>By identifying whether the trait skips generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>Offspring resulting from a mating pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might understanding pedigree diagrams be particularly useful for analyzing certain genetic conditions?

    <p>To trace the inheritance of traits over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might males be more frequently affected by sex-linked recessive traits according to pedigree analysis?

    <p>Because males have only one X chromosome, making it more likely for recessive traits to be expressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between paternity testing using blood groups and DNA profiling?

    <p>Blood grouping provides a definitive answer, while DNA profiling may not be conclusive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the ethical concerns associated with genetic engineering?

    <p>The uncertain long-term impacts on ecosystems and human health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cloning contribute to improving food supply and preserving endangered species?

    <p>By breeding superior animals with desirable characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered more conclusive than blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA comparisons can determine paternity accurately based on shared nucleotide sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the potential drawbacks of genetic engineering highlighted in the text?

    <p>The control over genetically engineered seeds by specific companies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does genetic engineering play a role in producing cheaper and more effective pharmaceuticals?

    <p>By altering genetic material to create better drug formulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes DNA profiling a more reliable method for paternity testing than blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling provides direct comparisons of nucleotide sequences for accurate results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern raised regarding the control of genetically engineered seeds by certain companies?

    <p>Potential monopolistic control over agriculture by specific companies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a male in terms of sex chromosomes?

    <p>XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex is more commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders due to the number of genes carried on its chromosomes?

    <p>Females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of forming an XY offspring when a male (XY) and a female (XX) have a genetic cross?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chance of a couple having a baby girl after already having three sons, based on Mendelian genetics?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome carries the gene responsible for haemophilia, a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>X chromosome from the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Females have two X chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly due to a deficiency in a clotting factor?

    <p>Haemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can females be carriers of X-linked disorders without showing symptoms?

    <p>They have two X chromosomes with a normal allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes how color-blindness is inherited in males?

    <p>Men have a higher chance of being color-blind if they inherit the recessive allele on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of blood grouping, why is the O blood type only expressed when an individual has a specific genotype?

    <p>The O blood type is due to the presence of two recessive alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when alleles IA and IB are referred to as co-dominant in blood typing?

    <p>Both alleles are equally expressed in the AB blood type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment apply to dihybrid crosses?

    <p>It explains how genes from different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the concept of multiple alleles in blood grouping?

    <p>It ensures that each individual has more than two alleles for a specific trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males have a higher chance of expressing color-blindness compared to females?

    <p>Because males typically inherit an X chromosome with the recessive allele from their mothers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>To determine the phenotypes of the offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of pedigree diagrams in genetics?

    <p>Tracing inheritance patterns over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pedigree diagrams help determine if a trait is likely dominant or recessive?

    <p>By observing if the trait skips generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a practical example involving hamsters, what does a shaded symbol in a pedigree diagram typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a specific trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the significance of males being more frequently affected in a sex-linked recessive trait like color-blindness?

    <p>As males only have one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does understanding pedigree diagrams aid in determining the genotypes of parents based on their offspring's phenotypes?

    <p>By tracing inheritance over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What convention helps quickly identify the sex of individuals in genetic lineages?

    <p>Use of different symbols for males and females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing traits within a pedigree diagram, what do shaded symbols typically indicate?

    <p>'Individuals expressing a particular trait'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation involves changes to non-coding DNA and does not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

    <p>Harmless mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mutation type leads to changes in an organism's physical appearance or functioning due to incorrect or defective proteins?

    <p>Harmful mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of useful mutations if the genes are passed on?

    <p>They enhance survival chances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome aberration occurs during Anaphase I and alters the chromosome number in gametes?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic engineering subset focuses on modifying the genetic makeup of an organism to introduce specific traits?

    <p>Genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can stem cells be derived from, including embryonic stem cells and bone marrow?

    <p>Various sources like bone marrow, embryonic stem cells, and umbilical cord blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique ability of stem cells that makes them pivotal in medical treatments?

    <p>Ability to develop into different types of body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder results from a gene mutation causing the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules?

    <p>Sickle cell anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of genetic engineering in creating GMOs?

    <p>To alter an organism's genetic material to express desired traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, what method can provide initial indications of paternity based on blood groups?

    <p>Comparing blood groups of the mother, potential father, and child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of cloning in terms of animal breeding?

    <p>Preserving endangered species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered a more reliable method for paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling provides conclusive evidence based on genetic similarities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major ethical concern associated with genetic engineering?

    <p>Long-term impacts on ecosystems and human health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does therapeutic cloning differ from artificial cloning?

    <p>Therapeutic cloning creates genetically identical copies for medical treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes DNA profiling a reliable method for confirming paternity compared to blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling examines genetic similarities between the potential father and child, providing conclusive evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of GMOs in terms of food security?

    <p>Producing abundant and resilient crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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