Life Sciences P2 June Exam (Medium)

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

What are chromosomes made of in eukaryotic cells?

Which cellular organelle contains DNA that is essential for photosynthesis in plants?

What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within the cell?

In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in eukaryotic cells?

What was the primary role of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins in the discovery of DNA's structure?

Which molecules make up a nucleotide in the structure of DNA?

What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

What is the main function of DNA?

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

Which of the following RNA types is involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis?

What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

What makes RNA structurally different from DNA?

During which stage of protein synthesis does the code within DNA get converted into functional proteins?

Which stage of protein synthesis involves the decoding of mRNA to synthesize a protein?

During transcription, what role does the template DNA strand play?

Where does meiosis occur in animals for the production of gametes?

What happens during Anaphase I of meiosis?

What is the significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

During DNA replication, where are nucleotides added to the growing DNA strand?

What is the function of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

Why is understanding DNA replication crucial for fields like genetics and medical research?

During which phase of meiosis II do centromeres divide, and spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids toward opposite poles?

What is the main purpose of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

Which process introduces genetic diversity in meiosis through the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

What can result from non-disjunction during meiosis involving chromosome pair 21?

Which stage of meiosis ensures that the offspring have the correct diploid number of chromosomes?

Which of the following accurately describes the genetic differences between daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis?

What is the role of crossing over in genetic variability during cell division?

In genetics, what are alleles?

What is the genotype of an organism that is homozygous for a specific trait?

What is the Law of Dominance in genetics?

In monohybrid crosses, what is the focus on?

Which principle states that each gamete carries only one allele for each trait?

What is the phenotype in incomplete dominance when red (RR) and white (rr) flower colors blend?

What happens in complete dominance when plants with genotype Tt are crossed?

What is the genetic makeup of a male that results in a male offspring in humans?

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within the cell?

Which cellular organelle contains DNA that is essential for photosynthesis in plants?

What role does histone proteins play in relation to DNA within the cell nucleus?

In addition to the nucleus, where can DNA also be found in eukaryotic cells?

What is the significance of DNA replication in ensuring genetic continuity?

Which phase of the cell cycle is critical for DNA replication to occur?

What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

Which pairing of nitrogenous bases is crucial for accurate DNA replication?

What role do regulatory regions in DNA play in gene expression?

Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

What is the primary role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

What is the main purpose of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

In which form does RNA exist mainly within ribosomes?

What occurs during the Elongation phase of protein synthesis?

Which stage of meiosis involves homologous chromosomes aligning at the cell equator?

What distinguishes RNA from DNA structurally?

What is the primary role of Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules during protein synthesis?

Where does transcription, the first stage of protein synthesis, primarily occur?

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

How does DNA polymerase ensure the fidelity of DNA replication?

During DNA replication, what is the significance of adding nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction?

What is the purpose of ligase enzymes in DNA replication termination?

Why is it essential for helicases to break hydrogen bonds in DNA replication?

What is the main purpose of Meiosis II in the process of meiosis?

Which phase of meiosis involves the division of centromeres and the pulling of sister chromatids towards opposite poles?

What is the significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

In humans, non-disjunction during meiosis can lead to which condition?

Which process ensures that after fertilization, offspring have the correct diploid chromosome number?

What is the role of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

What distinguishes metaphase I in meiosis from metaphase in mitosis?

Which concept explains why some individuals express a dominant trait despite being heterozygous for a specific characteristic?

What is the term for an organism that has two different alleles for a specific trait?

In genetics, what do alleles refer to?

What is the main difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance?

In co-dominance, what happens to the alleles in the pair?

What does Mendel's Principle of Segregation explain in genetics?

Which statement best describes the genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX) in humans?

What is the significance of understanding the principles of incomplete dominance and co-dominance in genetics?

Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within the cell?

Which cellular structure is responsible for compacting DNA to fit within the nucleus?

In plants, which organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis?

Which type of cell inherits mitochondrial DNA maternally?

What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

During DNA replication, what is the role of primase?

Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA?

Where does DNA replication primarily take place in eukaryotic cells?

What is the significance of adenine pairing with thymine in DNA replication?

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

In meiosis, what occurs during Prophase I?

What happens during the termination phase of protein synthesis?

Where does meiosis primarily occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

During transcription, what is the function of the template DNA strand?

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

What is the significance of DNA replication for genetic diversity?

During DNA replication, where are nucleotides added to the growing DNA strand?

In DNA profiling, what does a match between bands in an evidence sample and a reference sample suggest?

Where is mRNA formed, and what is its primary function?

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is unique to RNA and pairs with adenine (A)?

What is the primary role of tRNA during protein synthesis?

What is the primary function of rRNA within the cell?

Which stage of protein synthesis involves the conversion of genetic information encoded in DNA into proteins?

What happens during prophase in meiosis that distinguishes it from prophase in mitosis?

Which genetic concept relates to different forms of a gene found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

What type of cells result from the second division in meiosis (Meiosis II)?

Which term refers to an organism with two different alleles for a specific trait?

What differentiates telophase in meiosis I from telophase in mitosis?

What is the difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance?

How does multiple alleles differ from other types of genetic inheritance?

Which genetic concept explains why offspring have an equal probability of being male or female in humans?

In a monohybrid cross involving a plant with genotype Tt for stem height (T = tall, t = short), what is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring according to Mendel's observations?

What is the genetic basis for the AB blood type in humans?

What happens to chromosomes during Anaphase II of meiosis?

What genetic material exchange mechanism occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?

Which condition results from non-disjunction involving chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation within a species?

What is the outcome of Meiosis II in terms of the number of daughter cells produced?

Which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication primarily occur in?

What is the main function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

How are the two strands of DNA held together in the double helix structure?

During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

What is the significance of accurate DNA replication during cell division?

Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within the cell?

What is the primary role of chloroplast DNA in plants?

Which cellular organelle contains DNA that is essential for photosynthesis in plants?

Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is primarily through which parent?

Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

What is the structure of RNA, compared to DNA?

In protein synthesis, what is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA)?

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication termination?

What is the main function of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

Why is it essential for DNA polymerases to have proofreading abilities during DNA replication?

What is the role of tRNA molecules during translation?

During meiosis I, what occurs during prophase that contributes to genetic diversity?

Which nitrogenous bases pair up during mRNA formation in transcription?

What occurs during the termination phase of protein synthesis?

Where does meiosis occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

What is the significance of reducing the chromosome number from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) during meiosis?

What is the main purpose of non-disjunction in meiosis?

Which process introduces genetic diversity during meiosis through the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

What distinguishes the outcome of Meiosis II from Meiosis I in terms of daughter cells produced?

How does non-disjunction during meiosis relate to abnormal chromosome numbers?

What type of inheritance is defined by both alleles being fully expressed in the phenotype?

In a monohybrid cross, what is the phenotypic outcome of incomplete dominance?

Which principle explains that an organism possesses two alleles for any trait and these alleles segregate during gamete formation?

What is a distinguishing characteristic of complete dominance in terms of phenotypic expression?

In a monohybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio for complete dominance?

Which phase of mitosis involves the splitting of centromeres and movement of chromatids to opposite poles?

What is the genotype of an organism that is heterozygous for a specific trait?

Which genetic concept describes a situation where the dominant allele completely masks the expression of the recessive allele?

Where does DNA primarily exist in eukaryotic cells when it is not condensed into chromosomes during cell division?

Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in eukaryotic cells?

Which cellular organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?

Which characteristic distinguishes mitochondrial DNA from nuclear DNA?

What is the primary function of DNA?

During DNA replication, where does the process primarily take place?

Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA?

What critical event occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

Which scientists were directly responsible for proposing the double helix model of DNA?

What is the genetic makeup of an organism that is homozygous for a specific trait?

Which concept in genetics explains why dominant alleles are expressed in the phenotype?

During which stage of meiosis do whole chromosomes move to opposite poles instead of chromatids?

Which term describes different forms of a gene located at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

What is the outcome of crossing two heterozygous organisms for a particular trait according to the Law of Dominance?

In a monohybrid cross involving incomplete dominance, what is the phenotypic ratio expected among the offspring?

What is the main difference between transcription and translation in protein synthesis?

When two plants with pink flowers (Rr) resulting from incomplete dominance are crossed, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

During protein synthesis, what molecule carries specific amino acids and has a set of three nucleotides known as an anticodon?

Which genetic concept explains the inheritance pattern where both alleles of a gene pair are fully expressed without blending in co-dominance?

What is the significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

During DNA replication, which enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases to unwind the DNA double helix?

If a plant with genotype TT for stem height (complete dominance) is crossed with a plant having genotype Tt, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

In DNA replication, what is the significance of DNA polymerases' proofreading abilities?

Which phase of meiosis ensures the reduction of the chromosome number by half?

In a genetic cross involving co-dominance for blood type where a person with IAIB genotype mates with a person with IAi genotype, what blood types can their offspring inherit?

Where does meiosis primarily occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

What happens during the termination stage of DNA replication?

What is the primary function of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

Where is mRNA formed and what is its primary function?

What are the components of a RNA nucleotide?

What is the primary role of rRNA in protein synthesis?

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Which type of RNA is involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

What distinguishes RNA from DNA in terms of structure?

What is the consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase I of meiosis?

Which stage of meiosis marks the division of centromeres and movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles?

What genetic condition results from non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

Which key process in meiosis ensures that gametes have different combinations of chromosomes?

In a monohybrid cross involving a hamster with a black coat color and rough coat texture, if a heterozygous black, homozygous rough hamster (BbRR) is crossed with a homozygous black, homozygous smooth hamster (BBrr), what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

In a pedigree diagram, what does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent?

How can one determine whether a trait is likely dominant or recessive in a pedigree diagram?

What is the genetic makeup of a male in terms of sex chromosomes?

What do shaded symbols typically represent in pedigree diagrams?

In humans, why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

When analyzing pedigree diagrams, how can one deduce whether a trait is dominant or recessive?

Which sex chromosome carries more genes in humans?

What is the primary characteristic of haemophilia as a sex-linked disorder?

What is the significance of using pedigree diagrams when tracing traits over multiple generations?

In sex-linked traits depicted in pedigree diagrams, what do special symbols or shading patterns help differentiate between?

In a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX), what is the probability of having a female offspring?

What does a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle represent in pedigree diagrams?

Why are X-linked traits more commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders compared to Y-linked traits?

What is the genetic makeup of a female in terms of sex chromosomes?

What leads to an equal phenotypic ratio of 1:1 for males and females in humans?

Which type of mutation leads to changes in an organism's physical appearance or functioning due to incorrect or defective proteins?

What is a characteristic feature of Sickle Cell Anaemia?

What is the primary focus of Genetic Engineering?

Which type of stem cells have raised ethical concerns due to their use in medical treatments?

What can result from a gamete with an abnormal number of chromosome 21?

What is the role of Chromosome Aberrations during cell division?

Which type of mutations are considered beneficial if they enhance an organism's survival chances?

What distinguishes Albinism as a genetic condition?

How does DNA profiling differ from blood grouping in paternity testing?

What is a potential limitation of using blood grouping for paternity testing?

In cloning, which technique involves inserting the nucleus from a donor's body cell into an egg cell?

What is a significant ethical consideration associated with genetic engineering?

How does cloning contribute to preserving endangered species?

What is a primary benefit of GMOs in agriculture?

What distinguishes therapeutic cloning from other cloning techniques?

Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable than blood grouping in paternity testing?

Why do males with the Xh allele manifest haemophilia?

Inheritance of color-blindness differs between males and females mainly due to:

What is the main reason females are less likely to manifest color-blindness compared to males?

Why can't haemophiliac females have the genotype XHXH?

Which blood type arises when an individual inherits both IA and IB alleles?

What would be the blood type of an individual with the genotype ii?

How does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment apply to dihybrid crosses?

Why are blood groups not conclusive for paternity testing?

What is the purpose of Punnett squares in genetics?

In a Punnett square, what do the letters along the top and side represent?

What information can be derived from a pedigree diagram?

How are males and females typically represented in pedigree diagrams?

When analyzing a pedigree, what does the presence of a trait in every generation suggest?

In a pedigree, how can carriers of a recessive trait be identified?

What do shaded symbols usually represent in a pedigree diagram?

What does the vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in pedigree diagrams?

What is the probability of a couple having a baby girl after already having three sons?

In humans, which parent determines the sex of the offspring based on the chromosomes they provide?

Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

What is the term for the genetic disorders caused by genes located on the sex chromosomes?

Which chromosome carries more genes in humans, leading to a higher incidence of genetic mutations and disorders?

What is the main characteristic of haemophilia as a sex-linked disorder?

Why are X-linked traits and disorders less common in females?

What distinguishes between harmless, harmful, and useful mutations based on their effects on the DNA?

What is a characteristic feature of useful mutations that distinguishes them from harmful mutations?

In genetic engineering, what is the primary focus of modifying the genetic makeup of an organism?

Which type of mutation involves changes to the DNA that do not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

What is a key consideration when interpreting a pedigree to identify carriers of recessive traits?

Which type of mutation can lead to genetic disorders like haemophilia and sickle cell anaemia?

What distinguishes between harmless and harmful mutations in terms of their impact on the organism?

What differentiates between stem cell sources in terms of ethical concerns in medical treatments?

Why is a male more likely to manifest haemophilia compared to a female carrier with the Xh allele?

What determines the blood type AB in humans?

How does the genotype ii manifest as blood type O in humans?

In Mendel's pea plants, how do genes for plant height and flower color inherit independently?

Why do males have a higher chance of being color-blind compared to females?

What does it mean when two alleles are co-dominant in an individual's phenotype?

Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable than blood grouping for paternity testing?

What makes parents with blood group B (IBi each) capable of producing a child with blood group O?

Which method provides a more definitive indication of paternity compared to blood grouping in paternity testing?

What is a potential limitation of using blood grouping alone for paternity testing?

In cloning, what technique involves inserting the nucleus from a donor's body cell into an egg cell?

Why is it important to consider ethical implications in genetic engineering?

What distinguishes therapeutic cloning from reproductive cloning?

How does genetic engineering contribute to medical advancements?

What is the purpose of comparing the blood groups in a paternity test?

What type of mutation involves permanent changes to the DNA of a cell?

Which genetic disorder is caused by a gene mutation resulting in the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules?

What is the primary focus of Genetic Engineering within the field of Biotechnology?

What is a potential outcome of useful mutations if the genes are passed on?

Which type of mutation involves alterations in DNA that do not affect the functioning of the cell?

What is the significance of considering whether a trait is autosomal or sex-linked when interpreting a pedigree?

Which type of mutation leads to changes in an organism's physical appearance due to defective proteins?

What distinguishes harmful mutations from useful mutations in their effects on organisms?

What is the probability of a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX) resulting in a female offspring?

Which sex chromosome carries more genes in humans and is commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders?

In humans, which gender tends to more commonly express X-linked traits and disorders due to having only one copy of the X chromosome?

What genetic disorder is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly due to a clotting factor deficiency?

Which allele on the X chromosome causes haemophilia, a sex-linked disorder?

What is the phenotypic ratio of males to females resulting from the genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX)?

What gender provides either an X or a Y chromosome during gamete formation in humans?

What is the chance of a couple, who already has three sons, having a baby girl according to Mendelian genetics?

What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

In a practical example involving hamsters with coat color and coat texture, what information can be obtained from a Punnett square?

How are individuals with specific traits usually represented in pedigree diagrams?

What is a common misconception about sex-linked traits and pedigree diagrams?

Why is it crucial to identify whether a trait is dominant or recessive in pedigree analysis?

What can be inferred if a trait present in a pedigree diagram skips generations?

How does analyzing pedigree diagrams aid in understanding genetic inheritance?

What role do shaded symbols play in pedigree diagrams?

Why do females have a higher chance of being carriers for sex-linked disorders like haemophilia compared to males?

In blood grouping, why does an individual express blood type O?

What is the genetic basis for individuals with AB blood type in humans?

How do males have a higher risk of color-blindness compared to females?

Why are dihybrid crosses based on Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?

What is the main reason for using DNA profiling over blood grouping in paternity testing?

How does the inheritance pattern differ between haemophilia and color-blindness?

How does the concept of co-dominance manifest in blood types?

What technique involves inserting the nucleus from a donor's body cell into an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed?

In paternity testing, why is DNA profiling considered more reliable than blood grouping?

What is the primary concern raised regarding genetic engineering?

How can paternity be determined using blood groups?

What distinguishes therapeutic cloning from other cloning techniques?

Why do some ethical debates in genetic engineering focus on embryonic stem cell research?

What is the significance of Dolly the sheep in cloning?

What distinguishes harmless mutations from harmful mutations?

Which gene mutation type contributes to advantageous genetic variation?

What is the main focus of genetic engineering?

What occurs in an autosomal disease like sickle cell anaemia?

How do useful mutations differ from harmful mutations?

What is the significance of considering all possible genotypes when interpreting a pedigree?

In genetic engineering, what does the creation of genetically modified organisms involve?

What is the genetic makeup of a male individual?

Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males?

What is the phenotypic ratio of males to females in offspring when a male (XY) and a female (XX) have a child?

In humans, what can result from a deficiency in a clotting factor due to a sex-linked disorder?

Why do X-linked traits and disorders more commonly affect males even though females have two X chromosomes?

What is the genetic makeup of an individual with hemophilia?

How does sex determination work in humans based on Mendelian genetics?

Why do males have a higher incidence of X-linked traits and disorders compared to females?

What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetic analysis?

In a Punnett square, how do you represent different alleles from each parent?

How do pedigree diagrams help in understanding genetic lineages?

What do shaded symbols typically represent in pedigree diagrams?

How can one determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive using pedigree diagrams?

What is the significance of using squares and circles to represent males and females in pedigree diagrams?

Why is it important to assign probable genotypes to individuals in pedigree analysis?

What is your favourite food?

Why can females be carriers of haemophilia without showing any symptoms?

What is the genotype of a color-blind female?

How are the alleles IA and IB related in blood typing?

In blood grouping, what does the O blood type indicate about an individual's genotype?

What genetic concept is demonstrated when traits like plant height and flower color are inherited independently in dihybrid crosses?

Why can't a male be a carrier of a sex-linked disorder like haemophilia or color-blindness?

What is the phenotype of an individual with the genotype TtPp in a dihybrid cross?

What does it mean when it's stated that IA and IB are co-dominant alleles in blood typing?

What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in creating GMOs?

Which process involves creating a genetically identical copy of an organism?

What distinguishes DNA profiling from blood grouping in paternity testing?

In paternity testing, what does it indicate if 50% of the child's DNA fragments match those of a potential father?

What are some ethical concerns associated with genetic engineering?

How do identical twins normally form?

In the genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX), what is the probability of forming a male offspring?

Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

Which gender is more likely to manifest haemophilia due to having only one copy of the X chromosome?

What is the impact of males having one copy of the X chromosome on the expression of X-linked traits and disorders?

What distinguishes harmful mutations from useful mutations?

Which type of gene mutation causes albinism?

What type of mutation leads to changes in an organism's physical appearance or functioning?

What is the main focus of genetic engineering in biotechnology?

Where do stem cells for medical treatments primarily come from?

What causes Sickle Cell Anaemia?

What is a characteristic of harmless mutations?

How do harmful mutations differ from useful mutations?

What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

How are males and females typically represented in pedigree diagrams?

Which step helps determine whether a trait in a pedigree diagram is likely dominant or recessive?

What is the significance of shading in pedigree diagrams?

Why do males tend to be more affected by sex-linked recessive traits in pedigree diagrams?

In a pedigree diagram, what does a vertical line leading downwards from two symbols represent?

What is the key purpose of analyzing pedigree diagrams in genetics?

Why is it important to identify whether a trait is dominant or recessive when analyzing pedigree diagrams?

Why can color-blindness manifest in males more than in females?

What is the genetic composition of a female carrier for hemophilia?

What is the possible blood type of an individual with the genotype IBi?

How does co-dominance differ from complete dominance in blood group inheritance?

Why is DNA profiling more reliable than blood grouping in establishing paternity?

What is the phenotypic ratio in the offspring of a dihybrid cross between TtPp x TtPp?

What genetic concept is exemplified by the expression of blood type O (ii) in individuals?

How do males inherit color-blindness differently from females?

What is one potential benefit of genetic engineering in creating GMOs?

How is DNA profiling different from blood grouping in paternity testing?

What is a significant ethical concern associated with genetic engineering and cloning?

How does paternity testing through DNA profiling provide a clearer indication of paternity?

What distinguishes cloning from genetic engineering in terms of creating identical copies of organisms?

What is one of the applications of cloning mentioned in the text?

Why is it mentioned that DNA profiling is a more reliable method for paternity testing than blood grouping?