Life Sciences P2 June Exam (Medium)
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Questions and Answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell cytoplasm
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Mitochondria

    • What are chromosomes made of in eukaryotic cells?

  • RNA
  • Histones and DNA (correct)
  • Nucleotides
  • Proteins

    • Which cellular organelle contains DNA that is essential for photosynthesis in plants?

  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Cell membrane
  • Chloroplasts (correct)
  • Mitochondria

    • What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within the cell?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary role of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins in the discovery of DNA's structure?

    <p>Studying DNA's molecular structure using X-ray diffraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules make up a nucleotide in the structure of DNA?

    <p>Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, cytosine base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA?

    <p>Directing protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following RNA types is involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitating assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes RNA structurally different from DNA?

    <p>RNA has ribose sugar while DNA has deoxyribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of protein synthesis does the code within DNA get converted into functional proteins?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of protein synthesis involves the decoding of mRNA to synthesize a protein?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, what role does the template DNA strand play?

    <p>Acts as a template for mRNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis occur in animals for the production of gametes?

    <p>Testes and ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Increases genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, where are nucleotides added to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>3' end of the strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding DNA replication crucial for fields like genetics and medical research?

    <p>To support biological research and medical advancements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis II do centromeres divide, and spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids toward opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>Produce genetically unique gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process introduces genetic diversity in meiosis through the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Crossing Over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from non-disjunction during meiosis involving chromosome pair 21?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis ensures that the offspring have the correct diploid number of chromosomes?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the genetic differences between daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells in mitosis are genetically identical, while daughter cells in meiosis are genetically different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of crossing over in genetic variability during cell division?

    <p>Crossing over occurs in meiosis to increase genetic variability among produced gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what are alleles?

    <p>Different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of an organism that is homozygous for a specific trait?

    <p>Two identical alleles for a specific trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of Dominance in genetics?

    <p>When two homozygous organisms with contrasting traits are crossed, all F1 individuals will display the dominant trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monohybrid crosses, what is the focus on?

    <p>Inheritance of single traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that each gamete carries only one allele for each trait?

    <p>Mendel's Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotype in incomplete dominance when red (RR) and white (rr) flower colors blend?

    <p>Pink flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in complete dominance when plants with genotype Tt are crossed?

    <p>Only tall plants appear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a male that results in a male offspring in humans?

    <p>XY chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within the cell?

    <p>Plays a critical role in energy production within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle contains DNA that is essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does histone proteins play in relation to DNA within the cell nucleus?

    <p>Compacting and organizing DNA into chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to the nucleus, where can DNA also be found in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication in ensuring genetic continuity?

    <p>It ensures each new cell receives a complete set of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is critical for DNA replication to occur?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pairing of nitrogenous bases is crucial for accurate DNA replication?

    <p>Cytosine with thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do regulatory regions in DNA play in gene expression?

    <p>Regulate when and how much protein is produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Interpreting the genetic code carried by mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Assembling amino acids into proteins within ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>To reduce the chromosome number in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form does RNA exist mainly within ribosomes?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the Elongation phase of protein synthesis?

    <p>Addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves homologous chromosomes aligning at the cell equator?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes RNA from DNA structurally?

    <p>Single-stranded nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules during protein synthesis?

    <p>Carry amino acids and bind to mRNA codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does transcription, the first stage of protein synthesis, primarily occur?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing DNA primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA polymerase ensure the fidelity of DNA replication?

    <p>Proofreading and repairing errors in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the significance of adding nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction?

    <p>It ensures complementary base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ligase enzymes in DNA replication termination?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for helicases to break hydrogen bonds in DNA replication?

    <p>To enable the unwinding of the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Meiosis II in the process of meiosis?

    <p>Formation of haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves the division of centromeres and the pulling of sister chromatids towards opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Creating genetically unique gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, non-disjunction during meiosis can lead to which condition?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures that after fertilization, offspring have the correct diploid chromosome number?

    <p>Reduction division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>To ensure genetic diversity and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes metaphase I in meiosis from metaphase in mitosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosome pairs line up on the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept explains why some individuals express a dominant trait despite being heterozygous for a specific characteristic?

    <p>Law of Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism that has two different alleles for a specific trait?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what do alleles refer to?

    <p>Different forms of a gene at the same locus on homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance?

    <p>In complete dominance, one allele is fully expressed over another, while in incomplete dominance, neither allele is completely dominant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In co-dominance, what happens to the alleles in the pair?

    <p>Both alleles are equally expressed, leading to a blend of traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mendel's Principle of Segregation explain in genetics?

    <p>How alleles segregate during the formation of gametes and ensure genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX) in humans?

    <p>It leads to an equal probability of having a male or female offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding the principles of incomplete dominance and co-dominance in genetics?

    <p>It helps interpret genetic crosses and predict inheritance patterns beyond those of complete dominance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within the cell?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure is responsible for compacting DNA to fit within the nucleus?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plants, which organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell inherits mitochondrial DNA maternally?

    <p>Gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Stores and transmits genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the role of primase?

    <p>Synthesizes RNA primers for DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication primarily take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of adenine pairing with thymine in DNA replication?

    <p>Ensures accurate copying of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA during translation?

    <p>Attaching to mRNA at the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis, what occurs during Prophase I?

    <p>Chromosomal condensation and crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the termination phase of protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosome reaches a stop codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis primarily occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

    <p>Anthers and ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, what is the function of the template DNA strand?

    <p>Pairing with RNA nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication for genetic diversity?

    <p>Leads to mutations causing genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, where are nucleotides added to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>3' end of the newly forming strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA profiling, what does a match between bands in an evidence sample and a reference sample suggest?

    <p>The samples are from the same source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mRNA formed, and what is its primary function?

    <p>Formed in the nucleus; carries the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is unique to RNA and pairs with adenine (A)?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of tRNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome in correct order for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rRNA within the cell?

    <p>Assisting in the structure and function of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of protein synthesis involves the conversion of genetic information encoded in DNA into proteins?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during prophase in meiosis that distinguishes it from prophase in mitosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes pair up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept relates to different forms of a gene found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells result from the second division in meiosis (Meiosis II)?

    <p>Haploid genetically varied cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to an organism with two different alleles for a specific trait?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates telophase in meiosis I from telophase in mitosis?

    <p>Movement of whole chromosomes to opposite poles in meiosis I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance?

    <p>Complete dominance results in the heterozygous individual showing only one trait, while incomplete dominance shows both traits simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does multiple alleles differ from other types of genetic inheritance?

    <p>In multiple alleles, an individual can have more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus, while in other types only two forms are possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept explains why offspring have an equal probability of being male or female in humans?

    <p>Sex Determination Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross involving a plant with genotype Tt for stem height (T = tall, t = short), what is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring according to Mendel's observations?

    <p>3:1 tall to short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis for the AB blood type in humans?

    <p>Co-dominance of A and B alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to chromosomes during Anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>Centromeres divide, and sister chromatids move to opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic material exchange mechanism occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from non-disjunction involving chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation within a species?

    <p>By random assortment of chromosomes during division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Meiosis II in terms of the number of daughter cells produced?

    <p>Four haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication primarily occur in?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

    <p>Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the two strands of DNA held together in the double helix structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of accurate DNA replication during cell division?

    <p>It prevents mutations in the genetic code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within the cell?

    <p>Produce energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Convert light energy to chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle contains DNA that is essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is primarily through which parent?

    <p>Maternal inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of RNA, compared to DNA?

    <p>Has uracil as a nitrogenous base instead of adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In protein synthesis, what is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA)?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing the RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication termination?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

    <p>Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for DNA polymerases to have proofreading abilities during DNA replication?

    <p>To correct errors or mismatches in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA molecules during translation?

    <p>Carry specific amino acids and have an anticodon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis I, what occurs during prophase that contributes to genetic diversity?

    <p>Crossing over and exchange of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous bases pair up during mRNA formation in transcription?

    <p>Adenine pairs with uracil, cytosine pairs with guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the termination phase of protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

    <p>Anthers and ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of reducing the chromosome number from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) during meiosis?

    <p>To ensure the offspring have a correct diploid number of chromosomes after fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of non-disjunction in meiosis?

    <p>To separate homologous chromosomes incorrectly, leading to abnormal chromosome numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process introduces genetic diversity during meiosis through the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the outcome of Meiosis II from Meiosis I in terms of daughter cells produced?

    <p>Meiosis II produces four haploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does non-disjunction during meiosis relate to abnormal chromosome numbers?

    <p>Non-disjunction can result in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inheritance is defined by both alleles being fully expressed in the phenotype?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross, what is the phenotypic outcome of incomplete dominance?

    <p>A blend or intermediate phenotype appears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle explains that an organism possesses two alleles for any trait and these alleles segregate during gamete formation?

    <p>Mendel's Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic of complete dominance in terms of phenotypic expression?

    <p>Only the dominant trait is visible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio for complete dominance?

    <p>3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis involves the splitting of centromeres and movement of chromatids to opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of an organism that is heterozygous for a specific trait?

    <p>Tt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept describes a situation where the dominant allele completely masks the expression of the recessive allele?

    <p>Complete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA primarily exist in eukaryotic cells when it is not condensed into chromosomes during cell division?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Organizing and compacting DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes mitochondrial DNA from nuclear DNA?

    <p>Plays a role in energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, where does the process primarily take place?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical event occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientists were directly responsible for proposing the double helix model of DNA?

    <p>James Watson and Francis Crick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of an organism that is homozygous for a specific trait?

    <p>Two identical alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept in genetics explains why dominant alleles are expressed in the phenotype?

    <p>The Law of Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis do whole chromosomes move to opposite poles instead of chromatids?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes different forms of a gene located at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of crossing two heterozygous organisms for a particular trait according to the Law of Dominance?

    <p>All offspring show the dominant trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross involving incomplete dominance, what is the phenotypic ratio expected among the offspring?

    <p>1:2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transcription and translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transcription creates mRNA from DNA, while translation synthesizes proteins from mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When two plants with pink flowers (Rr) resulting from incomplete dominance are crossed, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

    <p>1 red: 2 pink: 1 white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizes a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein synthesis, what molecule carries specific amino acids and has a set of three nucleotides known as an anticodon?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept explains the inheritance pattern where both alleles of a gene pair are fully expressed without blending in co-dominance?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>It contributes to genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, which enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases to unwind the DNA double helix?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a plant with genotype TT for stem height (complete dominance) is crossed with a plant having genotype Tt, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

    <p>4 tall: 0 short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, what is the significance of DNA polymerases' proofreading abilities?

    <p>Correcting errors or mismatches in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis ensures the reduction of the chromosome number by half?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross involving co-dominance for blood type where a person with IAIB genotype mates with a person with IAi genotype, what blood types can their offspring inherit?

    <p>AB, A, B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis primarily occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

    <p>Anthers and ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the termination stage of DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mRNA formed and what is its primary function?

    <p>Formed in the nucleus; primary function is to carry genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a RNA nucleotide?

    <p>Ribose sugar, phosphate group, uracil base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of rRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitates the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes RNA from DNA in terms of structure?

    <p>RNA contains uracil base; DNA contains thymine base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers are produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis marks the division of centromeres and movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic condition results from non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key process in meiosis ensures that gametes have different combinations of chromosomes?

    <p>Random assortment during Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross involving a hamster with a black coat color and rough coat texture, if a heterozygous black, homozygous rough hamster (BbRR) is crossed with a homozygous black, homozygous smooth hamster (BBrr), what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

    <p>All black with rough coats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent?

    <p>Offspring of the mating couple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine whether a trait is likely dominant or recessive in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>By observing if the trait skips generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a male in terms of sex chromosomes?

    <p>XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do shaded symbols typically represent in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing pedigree diagrams, how can one deduce whether a trait is dominant or recessive?

    <p>By deducing if the trait appears in every generation or skips generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex chromosome carries more genes in humans?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of haemophilia as a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>Decreased blood clotting ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using pedigree diagrams when tracing traits over multiple generations?

    <p>To determine how certain traits are passed down through families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sex-linked traits depicted in pedigree diagrams, what do special symbols or shading patterns help differentiate between?

    <p>Affected and unaffected females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX), what is the probability of having a female offspring?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle represent in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Mating between two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits more commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders compared to Y-linked traits?

    <p>Y chromosome carries fewer genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a female in terms of sex chromosomes?

    <p>XX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to an equal phenotypic ratio of 1:1 for males and females in humans?

    <p>Equal contribution of X and Y chromosomes from parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation leads to changes in an organism's physical appearance or functioning due to incorrect or defective proteins?

    <p>Harmful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Sickle Cell Anaemia?

    <p>Autosomal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Genetic Engineering?

    <p>Modifying genetic makeup of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cells have raised ethical concerns due to their use in medical treatments?

    <p>Embryonic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from a gamete with an abnormal number of chromosome 21?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Chromosome Aberrations during cell division?

    <p>Altering chromosome numbers in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutations are considered beneficial if they enhance an organism's survival chances?

    <p>Useful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Albinism as a genetic condition?

    <p>Recessive gene mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA profiling differ from blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling examines nucleotide sequences of DNA fragments, while blood grouping looks at blood types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of using blood grouping for paternity testing?

    <p>Many men may share the same blood group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cloning, which technique involves inserting the nucleus from a donor's body cell into an egg cell?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant ethical consideration associated with genetic engineering?

    <p>Access to genetically engineered seeds by certain companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cloning contribute to preserving endangered species?

    <p>By creating genetically identical copies of endangered individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of GMOs in agriculture?

    <p>Increasing food security through resilient crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes therapeutic cloning from other cloning techniques?

    <p>It aims to create tissues or organs for medical purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable than blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling compares nucleotide sequences for a clear indication of paternity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males with the Xh allele manifest haemophilia?

    <p>They have the Xh allele on their Y chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inheritance of color-blindness differs between males and females mainly due to:

    <p>The presence of the recessive Xb allele on the Y chromosome in males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason females are less likely to manifest color-blindness compared to males?

    <p>Presence of a dominant allele on their X chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't haemophiliac females have the genotype XHXH?

    <p>The genotype XHXH is incompatible with the expression of haemophilia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type arises when an individual inherits both IA and IB alleles?

    <p>Blood type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the blood type of an individual with the genotype ii?

    <p>Blood type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment apply to dihybrid crosses?

    <p>It explains how alleles of different genes separate independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are blood groups not conclusive for paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling provides more reliable results than blood groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Punnett squares in genetics?

    <p>To predict the possible genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Punnett square, what do the letters along the top and side represent?

    <p>Different possible gametes from each parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information can be derived from a pedigree diagram?

    <p>Whether a trait is likely dominant or recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are males and females typically represented in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Males as squares and females as circles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing a pedigree, what does the presence of a trait in every generation suggest?

    <p>The trait is likely dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree, how can carriers of a recessive trait be identified?

    <p>By being unshaded but having affected relatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do shaded symbols usually represent in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>&quot;Affected&quot; individuals expressing a particular trait or condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Parent-offspring relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a couple having a baby girl after already having three sons?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, which parent determines the sex of the offspring based on the chromosomes they provide?

    <p>The male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have one X and one Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the genetic disorders caused by genes located on the sex chromosomes?

    <p>Sex-linked inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome carries more genes in humans, leading to a higher incidence of genetic mutations and disorders?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of haemophilia as a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>Deficiency in clotting factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders less common in females?

    <p>Females have two copies of the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes between harmless, harmful, and useful mutations based on their effects on the DNA?

    <p>The impact of the mutation on the cell or organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of useful mutations that distinguishes them from harmful mutations?

    <p>They enhance the organism's survival chances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic engineering, what is the primary focus of modifying the genetic makeup of an organism?

    <p>Enhancing or introducing specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation involves changes to the DNA that do not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

    <p>Harmless mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when interpreting a pedigree to identify carriers of recessive traits?

    <p>Understanding whether the trait is autosomal or sex-linked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation can lead to genetic disorders like haemophilia and sickle cell anaemia?

    <p>Harmful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes between harmless and harmful mutations in terms of their impact on the organism?

    <p>The effect on protein production and physical appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates between stem cell sources in terms of ethical concerns in medical treatments?

    <p>Bone marrow stem cells are less controversial and widely used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a male more likely to manifest haemophilia compared to a female carrier with the Xh allele?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome, so they lack a second X chromosome for protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the blood type AB in humans?

    <p>Co-dominance of alleles IA and IB resulting in a combined phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the genotype ii manifest as blood type O in humans?

    <p>Through a double recessive genotype lacking alleles IA and IB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mendel's pea plants, how do genes for plant height and flower color inherit independently?

    <p>Due to genes being located on different chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males have a higher chance of being color-blind compared to females?

    <p>Color blindness is a recessive trait carried by the X chromosome, which males possess only one of.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when two alleles are co-dominant in an individual's phenotype?

    <p>Both alleles are expressed independently in the phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable than blood grouping for paternity testing?

    <p>Blood groups are not unique to individuals, leading to inconclusive results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes parents with blood group B (IBi each) capable of producing a child with blood group O?

    <p>'O' blood type arises from both parents contributing recessive 'i' alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method provides a more definitive indication of paternity compared to blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>Comparing DNA profiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of using blood grouping alone for paternity testing?

    <p>Many men may have the same blood group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cloning, what technique involves inserting the nucleus from a donor's body cell into an egg cell?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider ethical implications in genetic engineering?

    <p>To balance benefits and potential negative consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes therapeutic cloning from reproductive cloning?

    <p>The purpose of tissue repair in therapeutic cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does genetic engineering contribute to medical advancements?

    <p>By producing cheaper pharmaceuticals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of comparing the blood groups in a paternity test?

    <p>To provide initial indications of paternity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation involves permanent changes to the DNA of a cell?

    <p>Gene mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder is caused by a gene mutation resulting in the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules?

    <p>Sickle cell anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Genetic Engineering within the field of Biotechnology?

    <p>Enhancing specific traits in organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of useful mutations if the genes are passed on?

    <p>Increased genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation involves alterations in DNA that do not affect the functioning of the cell?

    <p>Chromosomal mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of considering whether a trait is autosomal or sex-linked when interpreting a pedigree?

    <p>Understanding the mode of inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation leads to changes in an organism's physical appearance due to defective proteins?

    <p>Harmful mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes harmful mutations from useful mutations in their effects on organisms?

    <p>Benefit to survival chances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX) resulting in a female offspring?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex chromosome carries more genes in humans and is commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, which gender tends to more commonly express X-linked traits and disorders due to having only one copy of the X chromosome?

    <p>Males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic disorder is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly due to a clotting factor deficiency?

    <p>Haemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which allele on the X chromosome causes haemophilia, a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>Xh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio of males to females resulting from the genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX)?

    <p>1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gender provides either an X or a Y chromosome during gamete formation in humans?

    <p>Male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chance of a couple, who already has three sons, having a baby girl according to Mendelian genetics?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>To visualize the possible combinations of alleles in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a practical example involving hamsters with coat color and coat texture, what information can be obtained from a Punnett square?

    <p>Offspring's genotypes and phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are individuals with specific traits usually represented in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Through shaded symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about sex-linked traits and pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Sex-linked traits are always recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to identify whether a trait is dominant or recessive in pedigree analysis?

    <p>To predict the likelihood of disease inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred if a trait present in a pedigree diagram skips generations?

    <p>The trait is recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does analyzing pedigree diagrams aid in understanding genetic inheritance?

    <p>By tracing the passage of traits through generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do shaded symbols play in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To indicate individuals expressing specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do females have a higher chance of being carriers for sex-linked disorders like haemophilia compared to males?

    <p>Females have two X chromosomes providing a protective dominant allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood grouping, why does an individual express blood type O?

    <p>By having only the i allele with no IA or IB allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis for individuals with AB blood type in humans?

    <p>Inheriting two co-dominant IA and IB alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do males have a higher risk of color-blindness compared to females?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome, so if they inherit the Xb allele, they will be color-blind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are dihybrid crosses based on Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?

    <p>Because the alleles of different genes segregate independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for using DNA profiling over blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling compares unique patterns while blood grouping has commonalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the inheritance pattern differ between haemophilia and color-blindness?

    <p>Haemophilia is inherited through autosomal chromosomes, while color-blindness is sex-linked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of co-dominance manifest in blood types?

    <p>Both IA and IB dominate over the i allele in blood type AB individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique involves inserting the nucleus from a donor's body cell into an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, why is DNA profiling considered more reliable than blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling provides a more conclusive method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern raised regarding genetic engineering?

    <p>Ethical, health, and environmental implications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can paternity be determined using blood groups?

    <p>By comparing blood groups of mother, father, and child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes therapeutic cloning from other cloning techniques?

    <p>Creating genetically identical copies for tissue repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some ethical debates in genetic engineering focus on embryonic stem cell research?

    <p>Potential misuse of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Dolly the sheep in cloning?

    <p>First mammal cloned from an adult cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes harmless mutations from harmful mutations?

    <p>Harmful mutations affect the organism's physical appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutation type contributes to advantageous genetic variation?

    <p>Useful mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of genetic engineering?

    <p>Modifying the genetic makeup of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in an autosomal disease like sickle cell anaemia?

    <p>A recessive gene mutation causes production of abnormal red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do useful mutations differ from harmful mutations?

    <p>Harmful mutations enhance survival chances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of considering all possible genotypes when interpreting a pedigree?

    <p>It helps in identifying carriers of recessive traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic engineering, what does the creation of genetically modified organisms involve?

    <p>Enhancing or introducing specific traits through genetic manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a male individual?

    <p>XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males?

    <p>Because males have one copy of the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio of males to females in offspring when a male (XY) and a female (XX) have a child?

    <p>1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, what can result from a deficiency in a clotting factor due to a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>Haemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do X-linked traits and disorders more commonly affect males even though females have two X chromosomes?

    <p>Males have only one copy of the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of an individual with hemophilia?

    <p>XhXh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sex determination work in humans based on Mendelian genetics?

    <p>It leads to an equal probability of having male or female offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males have a higher incidence of X-linked traits and disorders compared to females?

    <p>Males have fewer X chromosomes than females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetic analysis?

    <p>To visualize the possible genotypes of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Punnett square, how do you represent different alleles from each parent?

    <p>Along the top and side of the square</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pedigree diagrams help in understanding genetic lineages?

    <p>By tracing the inheritance of characteristics over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do shaded symbols typically represent in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Individuals expressing recessive traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive using pedigree diagrams?

    <p>By checking if it skips generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using squares and circles to represent males and females in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To help identify the sex of individuals quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to assign probable genotypes to individuals in pedigree analysis?

    <p>To identify carriers of recessive traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is your favourite food?

    <p>Pizza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can females be carriers of haemophilia without showing any symptoms?

    <p>They have two X chromosomes with the normal allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of a color-blind female?

    <p>XbXb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the alleles IA and IB related in blood typing?

    <p>They are co-dominant to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood grouping, what does the O blood type indicate about an individual's genotype?

    <p>They lack both IA and IB alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept is demonstrated when traits like plant height and flower color are inherited independently in dihybrid crosses?

    <p>Independent assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't a male be a carrier of a sex-linked disorder like haemophilia or color-blindness?

    <p>Males inherit only one X chromosome from their mothers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotype of an individual with the genotype TtPp in a dihybrid cross?

    <p>Tall with purple flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when it's stated that IA and IB are co-dominant alleles in blood typing?

    <p>They occur together only in AB blood type individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in creating GMOs?

    <p>To enhance medical treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves creating a genetically identical copy of an organism?

    <p>Gene therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes DNA profiling from blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling relies on similarities in nucleotide sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, what does it indicate if 50% of the child's DNA fragments match those of a potential father?

    <p>The potential father is likely the biological father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some ethical concerns associated with genetic engineering?

    <p>Control over genetically engineered seeds by certain companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do identical twins normally form?

    <p>As a natural occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX), what is the probability of forming a male offspring?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one copy of the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender is more likely to manifest haemophilia due to having only one copy of the X chromosome?

    <p>Males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of males having one copy of the X chromosome on the expression of X-linked traits and disorders?

    <p>Increased expression in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes harmful mutations from useful mutations?

    <p>Useful mutations enhance an organism's survival chances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene mutation causes albinism?

    <p>Recessive gene mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation leads to changes in an organism's physical appearance or functioning?

    <p>Harmful mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of genetic engineering in biotechnology?

    <p>Modifying genetic makeup of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do stem cells for medical treatments primarily come from?

    <p>Adult stem cells from bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Sickle Cell Anaemia?

    <p>An autosomal gene mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of harmless mutations?

    <p>Often involve non-coding DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do harmful mutations differ from useful mutations?

    <p>Harmful mutations result in changes in the cell's structure or functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting up a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>To arrange possible genotypes of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are males and females typically represented in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Males as squares and females as circles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step helps determine whether a trait in a pedigree diagram is likely dominant or recessive?

    <p>Step 1: Analyzing genotypes of specific individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of shading in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>It differentiates between affected and unaffected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males tend to be more affected by sex-linked recessive traits in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Because the gene for the trait is located on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what does a vertical line leading downwards from two symbols represent?

    <p>Their shared offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key purpose of analyzing pedigree diagrams in genetics?

    <p>To trace the inheritance of characteristics over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to identify whether a trait is dominant or recessive when analyzing pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To predict how traits will be inherited in future generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can color-blindness manifest in males more than in females?

    <p>Males have two X chromosomes which increase the chance of inheriting the color-blindness allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic composition of a female carrier for hemophilia?

    <p>XHXH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible blood type of an individual with the genotype IBi?

    <p>Blood type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does co-dominance differ from complete dominance in blood group inheritance?

    <p>Co-dominance results in intermediate traits, while complete dominance shows clear dominant-recessive relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling more reliable than blood grouping in establishing paternity?

    <p>DNA profiling provides unique matches by comparing specific genetic markers from individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio in the offspring of a dihybrid cross between TtPp x TtPp?

    <p>9:3:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept is exemplified by the expression of blood type O (ii) in individuals?

    <p>'Multiple Alleles'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do males inherit color-blindness differently from females?

    <p>Males must inherit a single X chromosome carrying the color-blindness allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential benefit of genetic engineering in creating GMOs?

    <p>Improved pharmaceutical production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is DNA profiling different from blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling compares DNA fragments, while blood grouping compares protein structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant ethical concern associated with genetic engineering and cloning?

    <p>Embryonic stem cell research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does paternity testing through DNA profiling provide a clearer indication of paternity?

    <p>By examining nucleotide sequences in DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cloning from genetic engineering in terms of creating identical copies of organisms?

    <p>Cloning creates genetically identical copies, while genetic engineering introduces desired traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the applications of cloning mentioned in the text?

    <p>Preserving endangered species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it mentioned that DNA profiling is a more reliable method for paternity testing than blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling looks at nucleotide sequences, providing clearer results</p> Signup and view all the answers

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