Questions and Answers
Chromosomes move to the middle of the spindle during what phase?
metaphase
What are sister chromatids? When do they separate?
Sister chromatids are chromosomes and their newly formed 'clones'. They separate during anaphase.
During which phase do chromosomes first become visible?
prophase
In multicellular organisms, the cell cycle produces groups of cells that perform the same function. These are called?
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Cell growth occurs during which phase?
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Nuclear division occurs during which process?
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Chromosomes are distributed equally to daughter cells during which process?
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When is protein production high?
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When are chromosomes duplicated?
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When does DNA synthesis occur?
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Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period?
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During which phase do the sister chromatids move apart?
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During which phase does the nucleolus begin to fade from view?
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During which phase does a new nuclear membrane form around the chromosomes?
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During which phase is the cytoplasm of the cell being divided?
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During which phase do chromosomes become visible?
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During which phase are the chromosomes located at the equator of the cell?
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During which phase does the nuclear membrane begin to fade from view?
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During which phase does the division (cleavage) furrow appear?
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During which phase are the chromosomes moving towards the poles of the cell?
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During which phase do the chromatids line up along the equator?
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During which phase is the spindle formed?
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Which phase of mitosis is the last phase that chromatids are together?
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Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by a non-dividing cell?
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What structure is produced when protein fibers radiate?
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During what phase is the cell plate completed?
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In a chromosome pair connected by a centromere, what is each individual chromosome called?
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What are the two parts of cell division?
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What is the name of the structure that connects the two chromatids?
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What is the phase where chromatin condenses to form chromosomes?
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What phase are daughter cells in as a result of mitosis?
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Which phase of mitosis do centromeres divide and the chromosomes move toward their respective poles?
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Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by a non-dividing cell?
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What is the reverse of prophase?
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What is the organization phase?
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What structure forms in prophase along which the chromosomes move?
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Which phase of mitosis is the last phase that chromatids are together?
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Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by a non-dividing cell?
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What is the organization phase?
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What are the two parts of cell division?
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Study Notes
Mitosis Overview
- Mitosis is the process of nuclear division that results in equal distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells.
- Includes phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Phases of Mitosis
-
Prophase:
- Chromosomes first become visible; chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes.
- Nucleolus fades from view.
- Spindle fibers begin to form, aiding in chromosome movement.
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Metaphase:
- Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell.
- Chromosomes are maximally condensed for alignment.
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Anaphase:
- Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell as centromeres divide.
- Chromosomes are actively being pulled apart.
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Telophase:
- Chromosomes reach opposite poles and begin to de-condense back into chromatin.
- Nuclear membranes reform around the separated chromatids.
- Cytoplasm begins to divide, leading to the formation of two daughter cells.
Interphase
- Characterized by cell growth, DNA replication, and preparation for mitosis.
- Key processes include protein production, organelle synthesis, and DNA synthesis.
- Chromatin is present, and chromosomes are not visible during this phase.
Chromosome Structure
- Chromosomes consist of two identical halves called sister chromatids, connected by a centromere.
- A chromatid refers to each of the individual halves of a duplicated chromosome.
Cell Division
- The entire process of cell division includes both mitosis and cytokinesis.
- Tissues are formed when groups of cells perform the same function after the cell cycle.
Key Structures
- Spindle fibers are formed during prophase and play a critical role in moving chromosomes during mitosis.
- The cell plate is completed during interphase, leading to cytokinesis.
Summary of Functions by Phase
- Prophase: Chromosome visibility, nucleolus fading, spindle fiber formation.
- Metaphase: Chromosome alignment at the cell's equator.
- Anaphase: Separation and movement of sister chromatids.
- Telophase: Formation of daughter nuclei, cytoplasmic division begins.
Cell Cycle Phases
- Interphase is crucial for growth and preparation; includes G1, S, and G2 phases.
- Cytokinesis occurs immediately after mitosis completes, ensuring successful cell division.
Additional Notes
- Understanding the phases and functions of mitosis is essential for grasping cellular reproduction.
- The organization and distribution of chromosomes are pivotal for genetic continuity in daughter cells.
Studying That Suits You
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Test your knowledge of the stages of mitosis with these flashcards. Each card provides essential questions about chromosome movement, sister chromatids, and visibility of chromosomes during cell division. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of cellular processes.
