10 Questions
During late prophase of mitosis, what occurs?
The nuclear envelope disintegrates
What is the main function of spindle fibers during mitosis?
Separating sister chromatids
In metaphase of mitosis, where do the chromosomes line up?
At the cell's equator
What characterizes anaphase of mitosis?
Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell
Which event marks the end of metaphase and the beginning of anaphase in mitosis?
Separation of sister chromatids
What is the role of cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) during late prophase of mitosis?
Inducing nuclear envelope breakdown
Which structure is responsible for organizing and anchoring the spindle fibers in a dividing cell?
Centrioles
'Cytokinesis' refers to which phase of the cell cycle?
'M'
'Interphase' is divided into which main stages before entering mitosis?
'G1,' 'S,' 'G2'
'Mitosis' occurs during which specific phase of the cell cycle?
'M'
Study Notes
Eukaryotic Cell Division
- Used for growth and repair
- Produces two new cells identical to the original cell
- Cells are diploid (2n)
Mitosis
- Division of the nucleus
- Also called karyokinesis
- Only occurs in eukaryotes
- Has four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
- Doesn't occur in some cells such as brain cells
Prophase
- Chromatin in nucleus condenses to form visible chromosomes
- Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)
- Nuclear membrane and nucleolus break down
- Chromosomes continue condensing and are clearly visible
- Spindle fibers called kinetochores attach to the centromere of each chromosome
Metaphase
- Chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore fibers, move to the center of the cell
- Chromosomes are now lined up at the equator
Anaphase
- Occurs rapidly
- Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by kinetochore fibers
Telophase
- Sister chromatids at opposite poles
- Spindle disassembles
- Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids
- Nucleolus reappears
- CYTOKINESIS occurs
- Chromosomes reappear as chromatin
Cytokinesis
- Means division of the cytoplasm
- Division of cell into two, identical halves called daughter cells
- In plant cells, cell plate forms at the equator to divide cell
- In animal cells, cleavage furrow forms to split cell
Daughter Cells
- Have the same number of chromosomes as each other and as the parent cell
- Identical to each other, but smaller than parent cell
- Must grow in size to become mature cells (G1 of Interphase)
Uncontrolled Mitosis
- If mitosis is not controlled, unlimited cell division occurs causing cancerous tumors
- Oncogenes are special proteins that increase the chance that a normal cell develops into a tumor cell
Test your knowledge on the stages of mitosis with this quiz. Identify and name the different phases such as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Understand the process of eukaryotic cell division and cytokinesis.
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