Mitosis Process

Mitosis

Interphase

• Longest stage of the cell cycle
• Cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division
• Consists of three stages: Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2)
• G1: cell grows and increases in size
• S: DNA replication occurs
• G2: cell prepares for mitosis by producing organelles and proteins

Prophase

• Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
• Nuclear envelope breaks down
• Nucleolus disappears
• Centrioles (microtubule organizing centers) move to opposite poles of the cell
• Microtubules form a spindle apparatus
• Chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers at their centromeres

Metaphase

• Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, attached to the spindle fibers
• Sister chromatids are aligned at the metaphase plate
• Each chromosome is aligned with its identical partner
• Microtubules from opposite poles are attached to opposite sides of the centromere

Anaphase

• Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
• Microtubules contract, pulling the sister chromatids apart
• Each pole now has a complete set of chromosomes

Telophase

• Chromosomes uncoil and return to chromatin structure
• Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes
• Nucleolus reappears
• Cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two daughter cells
• Each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell

Mitosis

Interphase

• The longest stage of the cell cycle, where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division
• Comprises three stages: Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2)
• In G1, the cell grows and increases in size
• In S, DNA replication occurs
• In G2, the cell prepares for mitosis by producing organelles and proteins

Prophase

• Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
• The nuclear envelope breaks down, and the nucleolus disappears
• Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell, forming microtubules that make up the spindle apparatus
• Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers at their centromeres

Metaphase

• Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, attached to the spindle fibers
• Sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate, with each chromosome paired with its identical partner
• Microtubules from opposite poles attach to opposite sides of the centromere

Anaphase

• Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
• Microtubules contract, pulling the sister chromatids apart
• Each pole now has a complete set of chromosomes

Telophase

• Chromosomes uncoil and return to their chromatin structure
• The nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes
• The nucleolus reappears
• The cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

Kinematics

• Kinematics is the study of motion without considering forces, focusing on the "what" of motion, not the "why"
• It involves describing the motion of an object using parameters such as displacement, distance, speed, velocity, and acceleration

Displacement and Distance

• Displacement is the distance from an object's initial to its final position
• Distance is the total distance traveled by an object

Velocity

• Velocity is the rate of change of displacement
• It is a vector quantity with both magnitude (speed) and direction
• There are two types of velocity:
  • Instantaneous velocity: velocity at a specific point in time
  • Average velocity: average velocity over a period of time
• Velocity can be represented graphically using velocity-time graphs
• Units of velocity are meters per second (m/s)

Acceleration

• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
• It is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction
• There are two types of acceleration:
  • Instantaneous acceleration: acceleration at a specific point in time
  • Average acceleration: average acceleration over a period of time
• Acceleration can be caused by changes in speed, direction, or a combination of both
• Acceleration can be represented graphically using acceleration-time graphs
• Units of acceleration are meters per second squared (m/s²)