Mitosis Process

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Questions and Answers

What occurs during the G1 stage of interphase?

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes

DNA replication occurs

The nuclear envelope breaks down

The cell grows and increases in size (correct)

What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?

It reforms around the chromosomes

It remains intact

It disappears temporarily

It breaks down (correct)

How are the chromosomes aligned during metaphase?

Aligned at the poles of the cell

Attached to the spindle fibers at their centromeres (correct)

Scattered in the cytoplasm

Randomly distributed throughout the cell

What happens to the sister chromatids during anaphase?

They separate and move to opposite poles of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase?

The nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the S stage of interphase?

DNA replication occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of telophase?

The cell splits into two daughter cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of kinematics in the study of motion?

The main focus of kinematics is to describe the motion of an object in terms of its position, velocity, and acceleration, without considering the forces involved. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between distance and displacement in kinematics?

Distance is the total distance traveled, while displacement is the distance from the initial to final position. Signup and view all the answers

What is velocity, and what are its units?

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement, and its units are meters per second (m/s). Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between instantaneous velocity and average velocity?

Instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a specific point in time, while average velocity is the average velocity over a period of time. Signup and view all the answers

What is acceleration, and what are its units?

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, and its units are meters per second squared (m/s²). Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between instantaneous acceleration and average acceleration?

Instantaneous acceleration is the acceleration at a specific point in time, while average acceleration is the average acceleration over a period of time. Signup and view all the answers

Can acceleration occur without a change in speed? Explain.

Yes, acceleration can occur without a change in speed if there is a change in direction. Signup and view all the answers

How do velocity and acceleration relate to each other?

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mitosis

Interphase

Longest stage of the cell cycle
Cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division
Consists of three stages: Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2)
G1: cell grows and increases in size
S: DNA replication occurs
G2: cell prepares for mitosis by producing organelles and proteins

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Nucleolus disappears
Centrioles (microtubule organizing centers) move to opposite poles of the cell
Microtubules form a spindle apparatus
Chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers at their centromeres

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, attached to the spindle fibers
Sister chromatids are aligned at the metaphase plate
Each chromosome is aligned with its identical partner
Microtubules from opposite poles are attached to opposite sides of the centromere

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
Microtubules contract, pulling the sister chromatids apart
Each pole now has a complete set of chromosomes

Telophase

Chromosomes uncoil and return to chromatin structure
Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes
Nucleolus reappears
Cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two daughter cells
Each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell

Mitosis

Interphase

The longest stage of the cell cycle, where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division
Comprises three stages: Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2)
In G1, the cell grows and increases in size
In S, DNA replication occurs
In G2, the cell prepares for mitosis by producing organelles and proteins

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
The nuclear envelope breaks down, and the nucleolus disappears
Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell, forming microtubules that make up the spindle apparatus
Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers at their centromeres

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, attached to the spindle fibers
Sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate, with each chromosome paired with its identical partner
Microtubules from opposite poles attach to opposite sides of the centromere

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
Microtubules contract, pulling the sister chromatids apart
Each pole now has a complete set of chromosomes

Telophase

Chromosomes uncoil and return to their chromatin structure
The nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes
The nucleolus reappears
The cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

Kinematics

Kinematics is the study of motion without considering forces, focusing on the "what" of motion, not the "why"
It involves describing the motion of an object using parameters such as displacement, distance, speed, velocity, and acceleration

Displacement and Distance

Displacement is the distance from an object's initial to its final position
Distance is the total distance traveled by an object

Velocity

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement
It is a vector quantity with both magnitude (speed) and direction
There are two types of velocity:
- Instantaneous velocity: velocity at a specific point in time
- Average velocity: average velocity over a period of time
Velocity can be represented graphically using velocity-time graphs
Units of velocity are meters per second (m/s)

Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
It is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction
There are two types of acceleration:
- Instantaneous acceleration: acceleration at a specific point in time
- Average acceleration: average acceleration over a period of time
Acceleration can be caused by changes in speed, direction, or a combination of both
Acceleration can be represented graphically using acceleration-time graphs
Units of acceleration are meters per second squared (m/s²)