Questions and Answers
What is the term for when the sister chromatids are moving apart?
What phase begins when the nucleolus starts to fade from view?
Prophase
During which phase is a new nuclear membrane forming around the chromosomes?
Telophase
What process occurs when the cytoplasm of the cell is divided?
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What happens to chromosomes during telophase?
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Where are the chromosomes located during metaphase?
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What occurs to the nuclear envelope in prophase?
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What structure begins to form in prophase that helps the chromosomes move?
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What is the last phase of mitosis where chromatids are still connected?
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What is a characteristic of interphase?
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During which phase do chromosomes replicate?
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What are the two parts of actual cell division?
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What is the name of the structure that connects two chromatids?
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What is each individual chromosome in a pair connected by a centromere called?
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What forms through the center of an animal cell near the end of telophase?
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What is the name of the structure that forms across the center of a plant cell near the end of telophase?
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What phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cell growth and preparation?
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What is characterized as DNA in the nucleus that is not coiled and condensed?
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What is known as the shortest of the three interphase steps?
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What are gametes?
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What are somatic cells?
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Study Notes
Mitosis Overview
- Mitosis is the process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.
- It consists of several phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
Phases of Mitosis
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Prophase
- Nucleolus fades from view.
- Nuclear membrane begins to break down.
- Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
- Spindle fibers form to assist in chromosome movement.
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Metaphase
- Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.
- Sister chromatids are still connected at the centromere.
-
Anaphase
- Sister chromatids move apart towards opposite poles of the cell.
- Centromeres divide, allowing chromatids to separate.
-
Telophase
- A new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes.
- Chromosomes start to decondense back into chromatin.
- In animal cells, a cleavage furrow develops to divide the cytoplasm.
- In plant cells, a cell plate forms across the center of the cell.
Cytokinesis
- The process of cytoplasm division occurs after telophase.
- Results in two separate cells, with each having a complete set of chromosomes.
Interphase
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Consists of three phases: G1, S, and G2.
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G1 Phase:
- First step; cell size increases.
- Synthesis of new proteins and organelles occurs.
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S Phase:
- DNA is replicated.
- Proteins associated with chromosomes are synthesized.
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G2 Phase:
- Shortest phase; preparation for cell division.
- Organelles and molecules necessary for mitosis are produced.
Chromosomes and Chromatids
- Chromosomes are coiled and condensed DNA.
- Chromatin refers to uncoiled, non-condensed DNA present during interphase.
- Sister chromatids are identical copies of chromosomes connected at the centromere.
Cellular Structures
- Centromere: The point where sister chromatids are joined.
- Homologous Chromosomes: Chromosomes that carry the same traits, one inherited from each parent.
- Gametes: Haploid cells (23 chromosomes) involved in reproduction, such as egg and sperm.
- Somatic Cells: Diploid cells (46 chromosomes) that form the body of an organism.
Key Terms
- Gene: Segment of DNA coding for a specific protein.
- Cell Plate: Structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells.
- Cleavage Furrow: Indentation that divides the cytoplasm in animal cells during cytokinesis.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cell division with these flashcards focused on the stages of mitosis. Each card highlights a specific event during the process, from prophase to cytokinesis. Perfect for biology students or anyone interested in understanding cellular processes.
