MIS Implementation Project Fundamentals

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Questions and Answers

What key step precedes the development of procedures for system installation and testing?

Organizing the personnel for implementation.

Explain the importance of establishing a schedule before commencing an MIS implementation project.

Establishing a schedule helps identify the critical path, set a start and end date, and provides a roadmap for project completion.

What is the significance of cost estimates in the context of acquiring and laying out facilities for an MIS project?

Cost estimates provide a financial framework for the project and aid in resource allocation and budgeting.

What is the role of the MIS project manager in preparing for MIS implementation?

<p>The project manager guides the implementation process, plans layouts and estimates, and coordinates personnel involved in the project.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key objective of organizing and involving personnel in the implementation of an MIS system?

<p>To ensure active participation and ownership of the system by those who will operate it, leading to greater engagement and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of developing procedures for evaluating and selecting hardware in an MIS implementation project?

<p>To ensure the appropriate selection of hardware that meets the needs of the system and aligns with project requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to budget the rate of expenditures for an MIS implementation project?

<p>Budgeting the expenditure rate allows for effective resource allocation and financial control throughout the project lifecycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key element in the testing phase of an MIS implementation?

<p>Testing is a crucial phase that involves evaluating each segment of the system as it is installed to ensure functionality and performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two fundamental principles that underpin structured systems design?

<p>The two fundamental principles are Modular Structure and Hierarchical Design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the concept of a module in the context of program construction.

<p>A module is a named program routine that functions as a unit and is called upon by name during program execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the main objective of the programming stage within the system development process.

<p>The objective of programming is to create reliable software that adheres to the design specifications developed during the design phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a module that contributes to its maintainability?

<p>Modules should be relatively independent from one another, minimizing the impact of modifications to other modules during maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a hierarchical design approach facilitate program maintenance?

<p>It enables maintainers to understand the program structure by studying the structure chart and its relationship to the code, making modifications easier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of testing in the programming stage.

<p>Testing is crucial for verifying the functionality of individual modules and the overall system, ensuring it meets the specified requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of debugging in the programming process?

<p>Debugging involves identifying and removing errors or problems that arise during testing, ensuring the code operates as intended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is structured programming essential for producing high-quality software?

<p>Structured programming promotes a disciplined approach to coding, enhancing code readability, maintainability, and ultimately, the overall quality of the software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components specified during the logical design phase of system development?

<p>The logical design phase specifies components like hardware and software environment, system outputs and inputs, user interface, database design, program modules, operating procedures, and system controls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the physical design stage in system development?

<p>Physical design aims to create a complete specification of system modules, their interfaces, and the physical design of the database.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three aspects of the system that are specified during the physical design phase.

<p>The physical design phase specifies aspects like system outputs, system inputs, user-system interface, platforms, acquisition method, program module design, detailed test plan, database, controls, documentation, and conversion plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of sustaining organizational change during system implementation?

<p>Sustaining change during implementation ensures a smooth transition by reorganizing affected units, redesigning jobs, increasing user motivation, and providing user training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to include information systems auditors in the process of specifying system controls?

<p>Involving auditors ensures the system is designed with adequate security and safeguards to protect data integrity and prevent unauthorized access or manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the key objective of structured design in system development.

<p>Structured design aims to create a program structure that is easy to understand, maintain, and modify, leading to a more robust and adaptable system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key elements of a structured design methodology that contribute to its effectiveness?

<p>Structured design methodologies emphasize modularity, clear interfaces between modules, and well-defined logic within each module.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do structured design methodologies help in the physical design of a system?

<p>Structured design methodologies provide a framework for specifying the logic of individual modules and defining their interactions, which aids in the detailed physical design of the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the proposed process model in this study?

<p>To describe the structure of ISP in Chinese enterprises and illustrate the relationships between process dimensions and planning effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the six important stages of information system development.

<p>System survey, needs analysis, design, implementation, testing, change and maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three main points are involved in the system survey phase of information system development?

<p>System identification, selection, and system planning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the needs analysis stage in the development of information systems?

<p>To decompose system components and understand their functions and interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does system identification play in the system survey?

<p>It involves identifying problems and opportunities that the company faces within its current system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the selection phase contribute to the ISP development project?

<p>It evaluates potential solutions to ensure they align with the company's targets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'system planning' in the context of the system survey?

<p>It refers to the development of a formal plan for implementing the chosen information system development concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify some key aspects that should be targeted during the needs analysis of information systems.

<p>Business users, job analysis, business processes, agreed rules, problems and solutions, business tools, and business plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for an information system to be effective?

<p>An effective information system produces high-quality output and follows the right process to generate that output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is measured by efficiency in an information system?

<p>Efficiency measures the amount of resources utilized to achieve the output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three components used in the evaluation of the effectiveness of a Management Information System (MIS).

<p>Timeliness, accuracy, and completeness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the purpose of cost-benefit analysis in evaluating an information system.

<p>Cost-benefit analysis justifies the costs incurred against the expected benefits from the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the initial development costs in the context of an information system?

<p>Initial development costs include expenses related to project planning, feasibility study, design, and implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between tangible and intangible costs.

<p>Tangible costs can be easily measured and quantified, while intangible costs are more subjective and harder to quantify.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of exception-based evaluation in assessing MIS effectiveness?

<p>Exception-based evaluation focuses on identifying and analyzing instances that deviate from expected outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to classify costs and benefits in cost/benefit analysis?

<p>Classifying costs and benefits aids in understanding their nature and aids in accurate financial analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to train operating personnel thoroughly on a new Management Information System (MIS)?

<p>Thorough training is essential to ensure operating personnel understand the new MIS's functionality, learn how to operate it effectively, and adapt to the changes it brings to their work. This helps them accept and integrate the new system seamlessly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two key considerations when developing the software for a new MIS, and how do they impact the system's architecture?

<p>The two key considerations are the nature of the hardware required and the need for potential modifications during the implementation stage. The hardware specification dictates the software's design and its capabilities. Modifications during implementation highlight the importance of flexibility in the software architecture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some key factors to consider when deciding whether to purchase or lease hardware for a new MIS, beyond just capital expenditures?

<p>Beyond financial analysis, factors like prestige, usage requirements, and potential future upgrades all play a significant role in the decision. Prestige can influence the choice of a specific brand or model, while usage patterns determine the necessary hardware specifications. Future upgrade needs require flexibility in the acquisition strategy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main steps involved in the process of generating files for an MIS, and what is the significance of these steps?

<p>The process involves collecting initial data for testing and operation, defining data formats and storage methods, assigning responsibility for file maintenance, and translating specifications into computer programs. These steps ensure data accuracy, consistency, and efficient retrieval for the system's operation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are forms essential in a new MIS, and what role do they play in different stages of the system's implementation?

<p>Forms are crucial for controlling data input, output, and transmission throughout the MIS. They ensure accurate information for computer storage, facilitate data entry in various stages, and streamline data flow within the system. Forms are necessary not only for input and output but also for data transfer at intermediate stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of a master file in the context of an MIS, and why is it important for managing data?

<p>A master file in an MIS is a collection of data used for routine operations that encompasses all the fundamental information required for the system. It is crucial for managing data because it acts as a central repository for all relevant data, allowing for efficient retrieval and analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key responsibilities of information system designers and storage and retrieval experts in the development of files and databases?

<p>System designers are responsible for specifying the data structure and organization within the files and databases. Storage and retrieval experts ensure the efficient and secure storage and retrieval of information, focusing on optimal data access and management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of computer specialists in the context of file development in an MIS?

<p>Computer specialists are responsible for translating the specifications for files into computer programs. They create the software code that allows the system to manage, store, and retrieve data as defined by the designers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Establishing a Schedule

Creating a timeline for events in a project network, including critical path calculation.

Critical Path

The sequence of stages determining the minimum time needed for an operation in project management.

Cost Schedule

A plan that outlines the costs associated with tasks and the budget for expenditures in a project.

Project Manager Role

The person assigned to guide the implementation of a project, ensuring effective execution.

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Space Planning

The process of organizing physical space for people and equipment in a project implementation.

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Procedures for Installation

Developed steps for implementing and testing a system or hardware in a project.

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Implementing MIS

The process of installing Management Information Systems with organized personnel and testing.

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Evaluating Hardware

Establishing criteria and procedures for selecting hardware during system implementation.

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Training Program Development

Creating a program to train operating personnel on new systems.

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Understanding New MIS

Personnel must understand the new Management Information System (MIS) and its operations.

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Software Development

Creating software with consideration of hardware requirements during the design stage.

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Hardware Acquisition

The process of deciding to buy or lease hardware for MIS implementation.

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Generating Files

Collecting and recording data for initial system testing and operation.

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File Maintenance Responsibility

Assigning responsibility for maintaining data files in a system.

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Designing Forms

Creating forms for input, output, and data transmission in marketing.

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Data Transmission

Using forms to transmit information at various stages in a process.

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Effectiveness of Information System

The quality of output and the right process of producing it.

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Efficiency in Information Systems

A measure of resource usage to achieve output results.

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Product-Based MIS Evaluation

Focus on the quality of the output from the system.

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Evaluation Model Elements

Key aspects to assess MIS output: Timeliness, Relevance, Accuracy, Completeness, Adequacy, Explicitness, Exception-based.

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Cost-Benefit Analysis

Economic evaluation comparing costs against expected benefits of an information system.

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Initial Development Cost

One-time costs incurred during the development of an information system.

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Annual Operating Cost

Ongoing costs for maintaining and operating the information system.

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Classification of Costs and Benefits

Categorizing costs and benefits as tangible, intangible, direct, indirect, fixed, or variable for better analysis.

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Information System Development Stages

The six key stages in developing an information system: survey, analysis, design, implementation, testing, maintenance.

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System Survey

The initial stage including system identification, selection, and planning.

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System Identification

Identifying problems and opportunities within a company's current system.

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Selection Phase

Evaluating options to ensure solutions align with company objectives.

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System Planning

Developing a formal plan to implement the chosen information system.

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Needs Analysis

A technique to understand system requirements by breaking down components.

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Business Processes

The workflows involved in the operation of a business that impact system needs.

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System Requirements Analysis

The study of system components and their interactions to define requirements.

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Logical Design

The phase where system components, user interfaces, and database structures are specified.

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User Interface Specification

Defining how users interact with the system through screens and controls.

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Physical Design

The phase that details how system modules connect and integrate, along with database design.

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Structured Design Methodologies

Techniques used to guide the logical and physical design of program structures.

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System Outputs

The data or results that the system produces after processing inputs.

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Modular Design

Creating programs using separate modules for easier updates and maintenance.

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User Training

Teaching users how to effectively use the new system and its features.

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Conversion Plan

A strategy for transitioning from an old system to a new one.

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Structure Chart

A diagram showing the modules of a program and their relationships.

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Modular Structure

A design principle where programs are composed of independent, named modules.

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Module Characteristics

Modules should perform specific functions, be understandable, and independent.

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Hierarchical Design

A programming structure that organizes modules from top to bottom.

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Programming

The process of writing, testing, and debugging code for software.

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Testing Levels

The phases of testing software from individual modules to full system tests.

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Debugging

The process of identifying and fixing errors in code after testing.

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Structured Programming

A disciplined approach to programming that improves code quality.

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Study Notes

Information Systems Planning

  • Information management encompasses the systems and processes within an organization used for creating and utilizing corporate information.
  • Effective strategic planning is crucial for firms operating in uncertain markets.
  • Proactive strategies are vital for gaining a competitive edge.
  • Information system planning defines desired future positions and goals for an organization.
  • Policies serve as guidelines and constraints within decision-making processes.

Information Technology

  • Information technology (IT) provides opportunities for competitive advantage.
  • IT systems can be adapted for organizational benefit.
  • Strategic planning is a critical issue for senior executives, focusing on identifying the current stage of IS, the applications, evaluating each, prioritizing applications, and establishing an optimal IS architecture.
  • Comprehensive and formal planning strategies are often more successful in stable environments.
  • More flexible and incremental approaches may be better suited for turbulent environments.

Stage Model of Information System Planning

  • Stage 1: Strategic Planning
    • Deriving the plan from the organizational plan.
    • Aligning the strategy with organizational culture.
    • Transforming the strategic vision.
  • Stage 2: Information Requirement Analysis
    • Defining essential organizational needs.
    • Creating a sub-system matrix.
    • Evaluating information needs for specific organizational sub-systems.
  • Stage 3: Resource Allocation
    • Evaluating return on investment.
    • Defining work assignments.
    • Determining the allocation of resources.
    • Establishing steering committees.
  • Stage 4: Project Planning
    • Identifying milestones.
    • Implementing a critical path method.
    • Developing Gantt charts.

Acquisition of Information Systems

  • Information systems can be acquired through external sourcing or internal development.
  • Key methods of external sourcing include outsourcing, software contracts, offshoring, and cloud computing.
  • Vendor specialization is essential for large-scale systems.
  • Internal development is more suitable for smaller, specialized applications.

Implementation of Information Systems

  • There are four primary strategies for implementing an information system.

  • Method 1: Installing in a new environment.

  • Method 2: Replacing the old system with a new one. (Creates a gap in operations).

  • Method 3: Implementing system components in sequential phases.

  • Method 4: Operating the new system in parallel with the existing system to validate it before cutover.

  • The implementation process includes initial installation, system testing, and evaluation & maintenance.

  • Implementation tasks range from planning activities, to acquiring facilities, personnel organization, and procedure development.

Cost, Schedule, and Time

  • Cost scheduling is an integral part of the plan, including budgeting for expenditures.
  • Regular meetings track progress.
  • Financial and technical progress reports are essential.

Tasks for Implementation

  • Planning; Facilities/office acquisition; Personnel organization; Procedure design & testing; Training program development; Software acquisition; Hardware acquisition; File generation; Form design; System testing; Cutover to new system; System documentation; System evaluation; and System maintenance.

Planning the Implementation

  • Planning implementation activities; Acquiring and laying out facilities and offices; Organising personnel for implementation; Developing procedures for installation and testing; Developing training programs; Completing system software; Acquiring hardware; Generating files; Designing forms; Testing the entire system; Completing the transition to the new system; Documenting the system; Evaluating the MIS and Providing system maintenance

Providing System Maintenance

  • System maintenance is a continuous process that involves managing a system's ongoing operations.
  • Line managers are responsible for system control and maintenance.

Evaluation of Information Systems

  • Quality assurance review assesses the technical aspects.
  • Compliance audits evaluate the adequacy of system controls.
  • Budget performance review involves aligning with predetermined budgets.
  • Personnel productivity assessment measures the effectiveness of the MIS personnel.
  • Computer performance evaluation scrutinizes the system's capability to handle tasks.

Post-implementation Review

  • The postimplementation review assesses the effectiveness of the entire system & development process.
  • The process also evaluates the organizational impact of the system.
  • Critical components are analyzed to ensure future success.

Software Maintenance

  • Software maintenance includes perfective, adaptive, and corrective activities.
  • Corrective maintenance addresses errors in operations.
  • Adaptive maintenance includes adapting the software to new environments or changes.
  • Perfective maintenance enhances efficiency & functionality to meet changing requirements.

Technology, Development, and Tools

  • Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) technologies aid analysis, design, programming, & maintenance.
  • Object-oriented development (OOD) supports large-scale software reuse.

Software Project Teams

  • Teams are crucial for implementing software projects.
  • Team structures (Chief programmer vs. democratic) align with project complexities.

Cybercrime

  • Cybercrime refers to criminal activities committed using computers or the internet.
  • It involves a broad range of activities including threatening, defrauding, hacking, distributing child pornography, and cyberterrorism.
  • Methods (e.g., hacking, viruses, phishing, spamming):
    • Hacking involves unauthorized access to computer systems.
    • Viruses and worms are self-replicating programs that can damage or disable computers.
    • Phishing involves tricking individuals into revealing sensitive information.
    • Spamming is the sending of unsolicited emails.
  • Laws related to cybercrime are continuously evolving globally.
  • Indian Penal Code and the Information Technology Act (2000) provide legal frameworks for addressing cybercrime.
  • Legal measures (e.g., sections of IPC, IT Act):
    • Criminal infractions covered by existing laws are also applicable in the cyber-space.
    • Specific laws may address novel types of cybercrime that did not exist before.

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