Mirror Neuron System and Empathy
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the brain initiates commands for action and controls voluntary, non-patterned movements?

  • Spinal cord
  • Nonprimary motor cortex
  • Musculoskeletal system
  • Primary Motor Cortex (correct)

What is a reflex?

  • A brief muscle contraction triggered by a muscle relocation.
  • A set of muscle commands established before a motor act occurs.
  • A complex, sequential behavior aimed at achieving a specific goal.
  • A simple, stereotyped, and unlearned response to a particular stimulus. (correct)

What is a motor plan?

  • A brief muscle contraction triggered by a muscle relocation.
  • A simple, stereotyped, and unlearned response to a particular stimulus.
  • A set of muscle commands established before a motor act occurs. (correct)
  • A complex, sequential behavior aimed at achieving a specific goal.

Which part of the brain modulates, coordinates, learns, and maintains movements?

<p>Modulatory areas (basal ganglia, cerebellum) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

<p>To trigger muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the spinal cord in motor control?

<p>To integrate motor commands and relay sensory signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects muscles to bones?

<p>Tendons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the final common pathway in the spinal cord?

<p>It responds to many different neurotransmitters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of sensory input do motor neurons in the spinal cord receive?

<p>Touch and temperature input (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex allows muscles to compensate for changing loads?

<p>Myotatic reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of central pattern generator (CPG) neurons in the spinal cord?

<p>They generate burst patterns of motor neuron activity for locomotion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the midbrain motor region known as the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR)?

<p>It provides the 'start' signal for locomotion from the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motor control system in the brain is responsible for selecting and directing voluntary movement?

<p>Pyramidal system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the nonprimary motor cortex?

<p>Guiding complex motor plans based on internal or remembered movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is key in speech production?

<p>Broca's area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region oversees non-patterned movements, such as reaching out to grab a guitar?

<p>Primary motor cortex (M1) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is involved in internally-remembered movements, such as playing a guitar tune from memory?

<p>Supplementary motor area (SMA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is involved in externally-guided movements through mirror neurons, such as copying the movements of a guitar teacher?

<p>Premotor cortex (PMC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system coordinates, regulates, and refines motor behavior, mostly unconsciously?

<p>Extrapyramidal system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the basal ganglia maintains and modulates motor programs?

<p>Basal ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark symptom of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Bradykinesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) as a treatment for Parkinson's disease?

<p>DBS acts as a neural 'pacemaker' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes closed-loop motor control mechanisms?

<p>They involve sensory feedback on motor function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cerebellum in motor control?

<p>To receive inputs from the senses and produce smooth movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential results of cerebellar damage?

<p>Gait/posture abnormalities, decomposition of movement, and errors in gaze (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Spinocerebellum?

<p>To receive information about body part location and control gait/posture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Cerebrocerebellum?

<p>To plan complex movements and control decomposition of movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Vestibulocerebellum?

<p>To receive vestibular information and help maintain posture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is part of the motor hierarchy?

<p>Primary motor cortex (M1) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the descending reticular formation in motor control?

<p>To coordinate, regulate, and refine movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the neural basis for empathy?

<p>Mirror neuron system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mirror neurons in observational learning?

<p>Understanding and imitating others' actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What deficit is commonly observed in people on the autism spectrum?

<p>Deficit in the mirror neuron system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key involvement of Broca's area in speech production?

<p>Damage/deterioration causes Broca's aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of Broca's aphasia?

<p>Reduced spontaneous speech, loss of small linking words</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do action zones encode?

<p>Purposeful movements and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region oversees externally-guided movements through mirror neurons?

<p>Premotor cortex (PMC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the basal ganglia in motor control?

<p>The basal ganglia modulate, coordinate, learn, and maintain movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cerebellum in motor control?

<p>The cerebellum coordinates, regulates, and refines motor behavior, mostly unconsciously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the primary motor cortex in motor control?

<p>The primary motor cortex initiates commands for action and controls voluntary, non-patterned movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nonprimary motor cortex in motor control?

<p>The nonprimary motor cortex is involved in complex motor behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

<p>The neuromuscular junction transmits motor messages from motor neurons to skeletal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the spinal cord in motor control?

<p>The spinal cord transmits motor messages from spinal motor neurons to muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the musculoskeletal system in motor control?

<p>The musculoskeletal system allows for movement of the body through the connection of muscles and bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the basal ganglia in motor control?

<p>The basal ganglia work with the primary motor cortex (M1) to initiate and terminate movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential results of cerebellar damage?

<p>Results of cerebellar damage can include decomposition of movement (gestures made in segments, not smoothly), errors in gaze, and difficulty tracking visual objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Spinocerebellum?

<p>The Spinocerebellum receives information about body part location and movement anticipation. Damage to this area can result in gait/posture abnormalities and ataxia (loss of coordination).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Cerebrocerebellum?

<p>The Cerebrocerebellum is implicated in planning complex movements. Damage to this area can result in decomposition of movement (gestures made in segments, not smoothly).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Vestibulocerebellum?

<p>The Vestibulocerebellum receives vestibular information and helps maintain posture and guide eye movements. Damage to this area can result in errors in gaze and difficulty tracking visual objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) as a treatment for Parkinson's disease?

<p>DBS acts as a neural 'pacemaker' and can alleviate symptoms when L-dopa is no longer effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the nonprimary motor cortex?

<p>The SMA is involved in internally-remembered movements, such as playing a guitar tune from memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the midbrain motor region known as the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR)?

<p>The MLR is involved in externally-guided movements through mirror neurons, such as copying the movements of a guitar teacher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motor control system in the brain is responsible for selecting and directing voluntary movement?

<p>The basal ganglia is responsible for selecting and directing voluntary movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the spinal cord in motor control?

<p>The spinal cord mediates reflexes and receives sensory input for motor neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the basal ganglia in motor control?

<p>The basal ganglia coordinate, maintain, regulate, and refine movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cerebellum in motor control?

<p>The cerebellum modulates, coordinates, learns, and maintains movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the primary motor cortex (M1) in motor control?

<p>The primary motor cortex (M1) forms a direct output to spinal motor neurons and is responsible for select and direct movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nonprimary motor cortex in motor control?

<p>The nonprimary motor cortex, including the supplementary motor area (SMA) and premotor cortex (PMC), governs movements based on internal or external prompts and is involved in complex motor plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mirror neurons in motor control?

<p>Mirror neurons in the premotor cortex (PMC) fire when performing an action and when observing others performing the same action, suggesting a role in mimicry and understanding others' actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the central pattern generator (CPG) neurons in the spinal cord?

<p>The central pattern generator (CPG) neurons generate burst patterns of motor neuron activity, allowing for rhythmic, coordinated contractions of limb muscles in locomotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the final common pathway in motor control?

<p>The final common pathway is responsible for carrying motor signals from the spinal cord to the muscles, resulting in muscle contraction and movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the sensory feedback in motor control?

<p>The sensory feedback provides information about touch, vibration, temperature, pain, proprioception, muscle length, and muscle tension. It helps motor neurons receive sensory input and make adjustments to movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reflex and how does it contribute to motor control?

<p>A reflex is a simple and unlearned response to a particular stimulus. It is directly evoked by sensory stimulation and mediated by the spinal cord. Reflexes, such as the stretch reflex and leg withdrawal reflex, allow muscles to compensate for changing loads and protect the body from painful stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the central pattern generator (CPG) neurons in the spinal cord?

<p>CPG neurons generate burst patterns of motor neuron activity, allowing for rhythmic and coordinated contractions of limb muscles during locomotion. They can maintain locomotive patterns even without input from the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two systems involved in movement control from the brain?

<p>The two systems involved in movement control from the brain are the pyramidal system and the extrapyramidal system. The pyramidal system selects and directs voluntary movement, while the extrapyramidal system coordinates, maintains, regulates, and refines movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pyramidal system in motor control?

<p>The pyramidal system, also known as the corticospinal tract, provides direct cortical output to spinal motor neurons. It is responsible for conscious and voluntary movement. The primary motor cortex (M1) and nonprimary motor areas (SMA, premotor cortex) are part of the pyramidal system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nonprimary motor cortex in motor control?

<p>The nonprimary motor cortex, including the supplementary motor area (SMA) and premotor cortex (PMC), governs movements based on internal or external prompts. It plays a key role in complex motor plans and contains mirror neurons that are involved in mimicry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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