Mirror Neuron System and Empathy

<p>Modulatory areas (basal ganglia, cerebellum) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To trigger muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To integrate motor commands and relay sensory signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tendons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It responds to many different neurotransmitters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Touch and temperature input (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myotatic reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They generate burst patterns of motor neuron activity for locomotion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides the 'start' signal for locomotion from the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyramidal system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guiding complex motor plans based on internal or remembered movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broca's area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary motor cortex (M1) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supplementary motor area (SMA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Premotor cortex (PMC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrapyramidal system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basal ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradykinesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DBS acts as a neural 'pacemaker' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve sensory feedback on motor function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To receive inputs from the senses and produce smooth movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gait/posture abnormalities, decomposition of movement, and errors in gaze (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To receive information about body part location and control gait/posture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To plan complex movements and control decomposition of movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To receive vestibular information and help maintain posture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary motor cortex (M1) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To coordinate, regulate, and refine movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mirror neuron system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding and imitating others' actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deficit in the mirror neuron system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage/deterioration causes Broca's aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced spontaneous speech, loss of small linking words</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purposeful movements and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Premotor cortex (PMC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basal ganglia modulate, coordinate, learn, and maintain movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cerebellum coordinates, regulates, and refines motor behavior, mostly unconsciously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary motor cortex initiates commands for action and controls voluntary, non-patterned movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nonprimary motor cortex is involved in complex motor behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The neuromuscular junction transmits motor messages from motor neurons to skeletal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spinal cord transmits motor messages from spinal motor neurons to muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The musculoskeletal system allows for movement of the body through the connection of muscles and bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basal ganglia work with the primary motor cortex (M1) to initiate and terminate movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Results of cerebellar damage can include decomposition of movement (gestures made in segments, not smoothly), errors in gaze, and difficulty tracking visual objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Spinocerebellum receives information about body part location and movement anticipation. Damage to this area can result in gait/posture abnormalities and ataxia (loss of coordination).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Cerebrocerebellum is implicated in planning complex movements. Damage to this area can result in decomposition of movement (gestures made in segments, not smoothly).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Vestibulocerebellum receives vestibular information and helps maintain posture and guide eye movements. Damage to this area can result in errors in gaze and difficulty tracking visual objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DBS acts as a neural 'pacemaker' and can alleviate symptoms when L-dopa is no longer effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SMA is involved in internally-remembered movements, such as playing a guitar tune from memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The MLR is involved in externally-guided movements through mirror neurons, such as copying the movements of a guitar teacher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basal ganglia is responsible for selecting and directing voluntary movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spinal cord mediates reflexes and receives sensory input for motor neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basal ganglia coordinate, maintain, regulate, and refine movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cerebellum modulates, coordinates, learns, and maintains movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary motor cortex (M1) forms a direct output to spinal motor neurons and is responsible for select and direct movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nonprimary motor cortex, including the supplementary motor area (SMA) and premotor cortex (PMC), governs movements based on internal or external prompts and is involved in complex motor plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mirror neurons in the premotor cortex (PMC) fire when performing an action and when observing others performing the same action, suggesting a role in mimicry and understanding others' actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central pattern generator (CPG) neurons generate burst patterns of motor neuron activity, allowing for rhythmic, coordinated contractions of limb muscles in locomotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The final common pathway is responsible for carrying motor signals from the spinal cord to the muscles, resulting in muscle contraction and movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sensory feedback provides information about touch, vibration, temperature, pain, proprioception, muscle length, and muscle tension. It helps motor neurons receive sensory input and make adjustments to movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reflex is a simple and unlearned response to a particular stimulus. It is directly evoked by sensory stimulation and mediated by the spinal cord. Reflexes, such as the stretch reflex and leg withdrawal reflex, allow muscles to compensate for changing loads and protect the body from painful stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CPG neurons generate burst patterns of motor neuron activity, allowing for rhythmic and coordinated contractions of limb muscles during locomotion. They can maintain locomotive patterns even without input from the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two systems involved in movement control from the brain are the pyramidal system and the extrapyramidal system. The pyramidal system selects and directs voluntary movement, while the extrapyramidal system coordinates, maintains, regulates, and refines movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pyramidal system, also known as the corticospinal tract, provides direct cortical output to spinal motor neurons. It is responsible for conscious and voluntary movement. The primary motor cortex (M1) and nonprimary motor areas (SMA, premotor cortex) are part of the pyramidal system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nonprimary motor cortex, including the supplementary motor area (SMA) and premotor cortex (PMC), governs movements based on internal or external prompts. It plays a key role in complex motor plans and contains mirror neurons that are involved in mimicry.</p> Signup and view all the answers